Contribution to the study of the effect of copper on Mytilus edulis during reproductive period

Toxins, Drugs, and Pollutants in Marine Animals

“…Natural levels of copper in the tissues of mussels living in uncontaminated areas are close to 10 mg Cu kg-1 (dry weight) (Delhaye and Cornet 1975;. Mussel tissues contain about 70% water, so if an environmental level of 2-5 ppb Cu is assumed, then a volume of mussel tissue ,will contain about 10 3 times the amount of copper contained in an equivalent volume of sea water.…”

“…6 Behavioural, Physiological, and Metabolic Effects Several workers have noted that larval and adult Mytilus close their shell valves to isolate their tissues from the environment when they are exposed to high copper concentrations (Wisely and Blick 1967;Scott and Major 1972;Delhaye and Cornet 1975;Davenport 1977), a response not elicited by other heavy metals (Manley 1979). Davenport (1977) showed that this response could allow mussels to survive intermittent exposure to lethal copper concentrations (500 ppb), provided that animals were able to gain regular access to clean sea water.…”

“…Secondly, the mussel is pe~haps the most important hardmacrofouling organism of static man-made structures, in terms of bulk and increased loading (e.g., oil rigs, buoys, jetties, power station cooling systems) as well as the engine cooling systems of shipping. Brown and Newell (1972) and Manley (1983) prepared animals for respirometric measurements by cutting the posterior shell adductor muscles, thus ensuring continuity between the mantle fluid and external medium; Delhaye and Cornet (1975) ground away the edges of the shell valves to achieve the same aim. However, copper has been used since the 17th century to combat marine fouling (see Woods Hole 1952 for a review of the early literature), firstly as copper sheathing to protect the hulls of ships (mainly against barnacles and seaweed rather than mussels), but latterly as a constituent of antifouling paints, a component of Cu/Ni alloys for marine structures, and as an electrolytically is complicated by the ability of Mytilus not only to close the shell values, but also to alter pumping rates without changing shell gape by control of the exhalant siphon (see Davenport 1979aDavenport , 1979bDavenport and Woolmington 1982).…”

Toxins, Drugs, and Pollutants in Marine Animals

“…Natural levels of copper in the tissues of mussels living in uncontaminated areas are close to 10 mg Cu kg-1 (dry weight) (Delhaye and Cornet 1975;. Mussel tissues contain about 70% water, so if an environmental level of 2-5 ppb Cu is assumed, then a volume of mussel tissue ,will contain about 10 3 times the amount of copper contained in an equivalent volume of sea water.…”

“…6 Behavioural, Physiological, and Metabolic Effects Several workers have noted that larval and adult Mytilus close their shell valves to isolate their tissues from the environment when they are exposed to high copper concentrations (Wisely and Blick 1967;Scott and Major 1972;Delhaye and Cornet 1975;Davenport 1977), a response not elicited by other heavy metals (Manley 1979). Davenport (1977) showed that this response could allow mussels to survive intermittent exposure to lethal copper concentrations (500 ppb), provided that animals were able to gain regular access to clean sea water.…”

“…Secondly, the mussel is pe~haps the most important hardmacrofouling organism of static man-made structures, in terms of bulk and increased loading (e.g., oil rigs, buoys, jetties, power station cooling systems) as well as the engine cooling systems of shipping. Brown and Newell (1972) and Manley (1983) prepared animals for respirometric measurements by cutting the posterior shell adductor muscles, thus ensuring continuity between the mantle fluid and external medium; Delhaye and Cornet (1975) ground away the edges of the shell valves to achieve the same aim. However, copper has been used since the 17th century to combat marine fouling (see Woods Hole 1952 for a review of the early literature), firstly as copper sheathing to protect the hulls of ships (mainly against barnacles and seaweed rather than mussels), but latterly as a constituent of antifouling paints, a component of Cu/Ni alloys for marine structures, and as an electrolytically is complicated by the ability of Mytilus not only to close the shell values, but also to alter pumping rates without changing shell gape by control of the exhalant siphon (see Davenport 1979aDavenport , 1979bDavenport and Woolmington 1982).…”

The effects of copper on the behaviour, respiration, filtration and ventilation activity ofMytilus edulis

“…However, only at concentrations of 1 ppm copper did they note any effect of valve closure on the rate of oxygen consumption in whole specimens and it seems possible that the high T EFFECTS OF COPPER ON Af YT1LUS 219 tissue to water ratio used in their experiments may have led to detoxification by bioaccumulation of the copper in the medium and consequent distortion of the results. To ensure contact of the soft body tissues of Mytilus with the surrounding medium Delhaye & Cornet (1975) ground the shell valve edges of Mytilus before immersing them in copper-laden sea water. However, from the observations recorded here it seems likely that their experimental animals would have still been able to seal the mantle edges and isolate themselves from the surrounding medium.…”

“…in the presence of toxic substances has been recorded by Dodgson (1928) and Shapiro (1964). More recent studies (Brown & Newell, 1972;Scott & Major, 1972;Delhaye & Cornet, 1975) have noted the closure of the shell valves of Mytilus in response to increased copper concentration. Davenport (1977) showed that this ability resulted in Mytilus being able to survive 6 h periods of increased copper concentration (0-5 ppm), which are potentially highly toxic, and if these periods were interspersed with periods of exposure to clean sea water no detrimental effects were recorded.…”

Toxins, Drugs, and Pollutants in Marine Animals

“…Natural levels of copper in the tissues of mussels living in uncontaminated areas are close to 10 mg Cu kg-1 (dry weight) (Delhaye and Cornet 1975;. Mussel tissues contain about 70% water, so if an environmental level of 2-5 ppb Cu is assumed, then a volume of mussel tissue ,will contain about 10 3 times the amount of copper contained in an equivalent volume of sea water.…”

“…6 Behavioural, Physiological, and Metabolic Effects Several workers have noted that larval and adult Mytilus close their shell valves to isolate their tissues from the environment when they are exposed to high copper concentrations (Wisely and Blick 1967;Scott and Major 1972;Delhaye and Cornet 1975;Davenport 1977), a response not elicited by other heavy metals (Manley 1979). Davenport (1977) showed that this response could allow mussels to survive intermittent exposure to lethal copper concentrations (500 ppb), provided that animals were able to gain regular access to clean sea water.…”

“…Secondly, the mussel is pe~haps the most important hardmacrofouling organism of static man-made structures, in terms of bulk and increased loading (e.g., oil rigs, buoys, jetties, power station cooling systems) as well as the engine cooling systems of shipping. Brown and Newell (1972) and Manley (1983) prepared animals for respirometric measurements by cutting the posterior shell adductor muscles, thus ensuring continuity between the mantle fluid and external medium; Delhaye and Cornet (1975) ground away the edges of the shell valves to achieve the same aim. However, copper has been used since the 17th century to combat marine fouling (see Woods Hole 1952 for a review of the early literature), firstly as copper sheathing to protect the hulls of ships (mainly against barnacles and seaweed rather than mussels), but latterly as a constituent of antifouling paints, a component of Cu/Ni alloys for marine structures, and as an electrolytically is complicated by the ability of Mytilus not only to close the shell values, but also to alter pumping rates without changing shell gape by control of the exhalant siphon (see Davenport 1979aDavenport , 1979bDavenport and Woolmington 1982).…”

The effects of copper on the behaviour, respiration, filtration and ventilation activity ofMytilus edulis

“…However, only at concentrations of 1 ppm copper did they note any effect of valve closure on the rate of oxygen consumption in whole specimens and it seems possible that the high T EFFECTS OF COPPER ON Af YT1LUS 219 tissue to water ratio used in their experiments may have led to detoxification by bioaccumulation of the copper in the medium and consequent distortion of the results. To ensure contact of the soft body tissues of Mytilus with the surrounding medium Delhaye & Cornet (1975) ground the shell valve edges of Mytilus before immersing them in copper-laden sea water. However, from the observations recorded here it seems likely that their experimental animals would have still been able to seal the mantle edges and isolate themselves from the surrounding medium.…”

“…in the presence of toxic substances has been recorded by Dodgson (1928) and Shapiro (1964). More recent studies (Brown & Newell, 1972;Scott & Major, 1972;Delhaye & Cornet, 1975) have noted the closure of the shell valves of Mytilus in response to increased copper concentration. Davenport (1977) showed that this ability resulted in Mytilus being able to survive 6 h periods of increased copper concentration (0-5 ppm), which are potentially highly toxic, and if these periods were interspersed with periods of exposure to clean sea water no detrimental effects were recorded.…”

Toxins, Drugs, and Pollutants in Marine Animals

“…Natural levels of copper in the tissues of mussels living in uncontaminated areas are close to 10 mg Cu kg-1 (dry weight) (Delhaye and Cornet 1975;. Mussel tissues contain about 70% water, so if an environmental level of 2-5 ppb Cu is assumed, then a volume of mussel tissue ,will contain about 10 3 times the amount of copper contained in an equivalent volume of sea water.…”

“…6 Behavioural, Physiological, and Metabolic Effects Several workers have noted that larval and adult Mytilus close their shell valves to isolate their tissues from the environment when they are exposed to high copper concentrations (Wisely and Blick 1967;Scott and Major 1972;Delhaye and Cornet 1975;Davenport 1977), a response not elicited by other heavy metals (Manley 1979). Davenport (1977) showed that this response could allow mussels to survive intermittent exposure to lethal copper concentrations (500 ppb), provided that animals were able to gain regular access to clean sea water.…”

“…Secondly, the mussel is pe~haps the most important hardmacrofouling organism of static man-made structures, in terms of bulk and increased loading (e.g., oil rigs, buoys, jetties, power station cooling systems) as well as the engine cooling systems of shipping. Brown and Newell (1972) and Manley (1983) prepared animals for respirometric measurements by cutting the posterior shell adductor muscles, thus ensuring continuity between the mantle fluid and external medium; Delhaye and Cornet (1975) ground away the edges of the shell valves to achieve the same aim. However, copper has been used since the 17th century to combat marine fouling (see Woods Hole 1952 for a review of the early literature), firstly as copper sheathing to protect the hulls of ships (mainly against barnacles and seaweed rather than mussels), but latterly as a constituent of antifouling paints, a component of Cu/Ni alloys for marine structures, and as an electrolytically is complicated by the ability of Mytilus not only to close the shell values, but also to alter pumping rates without changing shell gape by control of the exhalant siphon (see Davenport 1979aDavenport , 1979bDavenport and Woolmington 1982).…”

The effects of copper on the behaviour, respiration, filtration and ventilation activity ofMytilus edulis

“…However, only at concentrations of 1 ppm copper did they note any effect of valve closure on the rate of oxygen consumption in whole specimens and it seems possible that the high T EFFECTS OF COPPER ON Af YT1LUS 219 tissue to water ratio used in their experiments may have led to detoxification by bioaccumulation of the copper in the medium and consequent distortion of the results. To ensure contact of the soft body tissues of Mytilus with the surrounding medium Delhaye & Cornet (1975) ground the shell valve edges of Mytilus before immersing them in copper-laden sea water. However, from the observations recorded here it seems likely that their experimental animals would have still been able to seal the mantle edges and isolate themselves from the surrounding medium.…”

“…in the presence of toxic substances has been recorded by Dodgson (1928) and Shapiro (1964). More recent studies (Brown & Newell, 1972;Scott & Major, 1972;Delhaye & Cornet, 1975) have noted the closure of the shell valves of Mytilus in response to increased copper concentration. Davenport (1977) showed that this ability resulted in Mytilus being able to survive 6 h periods of increased copper concentration (0-5 ppm), which are potentially highly toxic, and if these periods were interspersed with periods of exposure to clean sea water no detrimental effects were recorded.…”