Contribution of conversation skills to the production of judgmental errors

Cultural Variation and Similarities in Cognitive Thinking Styles Versus Judgment Biases: A Review of Environmental Factors and Evolutionary Forces

“…Similar observations have also been made for other non-Western cultures outside of Asia (see Hirschfeld, 1995;Malloy & Jones, 1998;Miller, 1984;Reich, 2010;Roland, 1988;Shweder & Bourne, 1982;Zarate et al, 2001). Thus, given that many of the biases in the judgment and decision-making literature involve following heuristics that feel intuitive but violate probability, it is surprising that few published studies to date have tested culture as a potential moderator for phenomenon like the availability heuristic, dilution effect (i.e., the tendency for irrelevant, nondiagnostic information to "dilute" the diagnostic information and thereby lead to worse decision outcomes: Glover, 1997;Hackenbrack, 1992;Hoffman & Patton, 1997;Kemmelmeier, 2004;Meyvis & Janiszewski, 2002;Nisbett et al, 1981;Peters & Rothbart, 2000;Shelton, 1999;Slugoski & Wilson, 1998;Smith et al, 1998;Tetlock & Boettger, 1989;Tetlock et al, 1996;Zukier, 1982), framing effects (the tendency to respond differently to logically equivalent presentations of a given problem and to be influenced by the way that problem is presented; Kahneman & Tversky, 1979;Shafir & LeBoeuf, 2002;Tversky & Kahneman, 1981-but for discussions related to culture, see Huerta et al, 2012;Scheufele & Iyengar, 2012), and the like. Said differently, given that: (a) those from Western cultures tend to reason more analytically and less intuitively than those from non-Western cultures (Hirschfeld, 1995;Malloy & Jones, 1998;Miller, 1984;Nisbett & Miyamoto, 2005;Norenzayan et al, 2002;Reich...…”

Does the Dilution Effect Have a Conversational Basis?

“…To date, the evidence supporting the conversational perspective appears to be less firm than would be desirable. Slugoski and Wilson (1998) assumed, rather than tested, the idea that the dilution effect reflects a conversational phenomenon and found the size of the effect to be correlated with the occurrence of other cognitive biases for which conversational explanations have been proposed, a finding that could not be replicated by the present author (Kemmelmeier & Bennett, 2003). Tetlock et al (1996) were the first to explicitly test the Tetlock and Boettger (1989) proposition that the dilution effect would occur as a function of the conversational norm of relevance.…”

Confirmation Bias in Scientific Reasoning: The Roles of Gender, Perceived Competence and Actual Competence

“…This appears to often translate into an overestimation of their own ability, and concomitant underestimation of the ability of others. Although this finding is well documented in fields requiring a great deal of verbal ability (Dawson, Gilovich, & Regan, 2002;Kruger & Dunning, 1999;Slugoski & Wilson, 1998), it has not been demonstrated using a highly spatial task.…”