Contractility of the in situ hibernating marmot ventricle

Evaluation of Three Combinations of Anesthetics for Use in Free-Ranging Alpine Marmots (Marmota Marmota)

“…Ketamine was found to be effective for short-term immobilization of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) by Frase and van Vuren (1989). Armour et al (1974) used sodium thiopental and phencyclidine for anesthesia. However, even at low doses, barbiturates (pentobarbital and thiopental) and opioids (fentanyl) are potent toxic substances in both animals and humans, and the use of barbiturates in wild animals is often difficult due to the necessity of intravenous or intraperitoneal administration.…”

“…Various drugs and drug combinations have been applied in marmots, including various barbiturates (Armour et al, 1974;Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Young and Sims, 1979;Eagles et al, 1988;Zatzman and Thornhill, 1988), phencyclidine (Armour et al, 1974), ketamine (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Frase and van Vuren, 1989), droperidol plus fentanyl (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975), and xylazine plus ketamine (Concannon et al, 1983(Concannon et al, , 1997Mrozek et al, 1995;Wiesner, 1998). However, most of these studies did not evaluate physiologic responses of animals to treatment, and judgment of the anesthetics' suitability was based mainly on observation, experience, and anecdotal evidence.…”

Evaluation of Three Combinations of Anesthetics for Use in Free-Ranging Alpine Marmots (Marmota Marmota)

“…Ketamine was found to be effective for short-term immobilization of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) by Frase and van Vuren (1989). Armour et al (1974) used sodium thiopental and phencyclidine for anesthesia. However, even at low doses, barbiturates (pentobarbital and thiopental) and opioids (fentanyl) are potent toxic substances in both animals and humans, and the use of barbiturates in wild animals is often difficult due to the necessity of intravenous or intraperitoneal administration.…”

“…Various drugs and drug combinations have been applied in marmots, including various barbiturates (Armour et al, 1974;Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Young and Sims, 1979;Eagles et al, 1988;Zatzman and Thornhill, 1988), phencyclidine (Armour et al, 1974), ketamine (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Frase and van Vuren, 1989), droperidol plus fentanyl (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975), and xylazine plus ketamine (Concannon et al, 1983(Concannon et al, , 1997Mrozek et al, 1995;Wiesner, 1998). However, most of these studies did not evaluate physiologic responses of animals to treatment, and judgment of the anesthetics' suitability was based mainly on observation, experience, and anecdotal evidence.…”

Evaluation of Three Combinations of Anesthetics for Use in Free-Ranging Alpine Marmots (Marmota Marmota)

“…Ketamine was found to be effective for short-term immobilization of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) by Frase and van Vuren (1989). Armour et al (1974) used sodium thiopental and phencyclidine for anesthesia. However, even at low doses, barbiturates (pentobarbital and thiopental) and opioids (fentanyl) are potent toxic substances in both animals and humans, and the use of barbiturates in wild animals is often difficult due to the necessity of intravenous or intraperitoneal administration.…”

“…Various drugs and drug combinations have been applied in marmots, including various barbiturates (Armour et al, 1974;Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Young and Sims, 1979;Eagles et al, 1988;Zatzman and Thornhill, 1988), phencyclidine (Armour et al, 1974), ketamine (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Frase and van Vuren, 1989), droperidol plus fentanyl (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975), and xylazine plus ketamine (Concannon et al, 1983(Concannon et al, , 1997Mrozek et al, 1995;Wiesner, 1998). However, most of these studies did not evaluate physiologic responses of animals to treatment, and judgment of the anesthetics' suitability was based mainly on observation, experience, and anecdotal evidence.…”

Evaluation of Three Combinations of Anesthetics for Use in Free-Ranging Alpine Marmots (Marmota Marmota)

“…Ketamine was found to be effective for short-term immobilization of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) by Frase and van Vuren (1989). Armour et al (1974) used sodium thiopental and phencyclidine for anesthesia. However, even at low doses, barbiturates (pentobarbital and thiopental) and opioids (fentanyl) are potent toxic substances in both animals and humans, and the use of barbiturates in wild animals is often difficult due to the necessity of intravenous or intraperitoneal administration.…”

“…Various drugs and drug combinations have been applied in marmots, including various barbiturates (Armour et al, 1974;Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Young and Sims, 1979;Eagles et al, 1988;Zatzman and Thornhill, 1988), phencyclidine (Armour et al, 1974), ketamine (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975;Frase and van Vuren, 1989), droperidol plus fentanyl (Noyes and Siekierski, 1975), and xylazine plus ketamine (Concannon et al, 1983(Concannon et al, , 1997Mrozek et al, 1995;Wiesner, 1998). However, most of these studies did not evaluate physiologic responses of animals to treatment, and judgment of the anesthetics' suitability was based mainly on observation, experience, and anecdotal evidence.…”