“…Einstein and Hunt (1980), in addressing the inadequacies of the concept of elaboration, have noted that it is useful to specifywhether elaborationinvolvesassociating semantic or episodic knowledge with a to-be-remembered item. The terms item-specific and relational processing were introduced to underscore the importance of this distinction (Einstein & Hunt, 1980), which has been used to explain various memory phenomena (Einstein et al, 1984;Hunt, Ausley, & Schultz, 1986;Maki, 1990;McDaniel, Einstein, Dunay, & Cobb, 1986;McDaniel, Einstein, & Lollis, 1988;Summers et al, 1985).…”