Contemporary uses of old folks: the immunomodulatory and toxic potential of fenbufen

Abstract

Fenbfen is used for pain, pyrexia and in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders. The present research was planned to examine the immunomodulatory activity of fenbufen in different models of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immunity (HI). The CMI was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia assays while HI was appraised by hemagglutination (HA) assay by administering fenbufen at 2, 6 and 10 mg.kg-1 and azathioprine 40 mg.kg-1 (as standard therapy) to albino mice by intraperitoneal route. The ex vivo immunomodulatory action was determined by red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assays. The results showed that fenbufen treatment had significantly (p<0.05-p<0.001) reduced white blood cells, hemoglobin content, and red blood cells in the healthy and neutropenic mice. A significant (p<0.001) reduction in activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and glutathione contents, and enhancement of malondialdehyde level were observed in neutropenic mice that were restored by fenbufen treatment. It suppressed DTH reaction after 24, 48 and 72 h post topical application of 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Fenbufen or azathioprine treated groups also showed a significant reduction in the antibody titer against human RBCs induced immune activation in mice as compared to the disease control mice. Fenbufen showed IC50 of 14.0, 50.5 and 66.2 μg.ml-1 whereas, diclofenac sodium showed IC50 of 61.0, 126 and 50.5 μg/ml in RBCs membrane stabilization, egg albumin and bovine serum albumin denaturation assays respectively. The current study shows that fenbufen might have potential immunomodulatory activity against CMI and HI. It can be utilized to treat immune system disorders.

Phytochemical Profiling and Bio-Potentiality of Genus Scutellaria: Biomedical Approach

“…It is estimated that approximately 10% of the 32,000 identified species of plants are medicinally important across the world in which the remedial practices of the genus Scutellaria cannot be denied [ 135 ]. Because chemically synthesized pharmaceutical products are expensive and out of reach for the average person in developing countries, plants are the primary source of phytomedicines for pain, inflammation, and microbial resistance [ 136 ].…”

Phytochemical Profiling and Bio-Potentiality of Genus Scutellaria: Biomedical Approach

“…It is estimated that approximately 10% of the 32,000 identified species of plants are medicinally important across the world in which the remedial practices of the genus Scutellaria cannot be denied [ 135 ]. Because chemically synthesized pharmaceutical products are expensive and out of reach for the average person in developing countries, plants are the primary source of phytomedicines for pain, inflammation, and microbial resistance [ 136 ].…”

Enzymes Inhibition and Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plants Growing in Oman

“…Natural antioxidants can improve food quality including color, taste, flavor, and stability and also act as standardized nutrients (nutraceuticals) to end up the attack of free radicals in biological systems [16,17], that might deliver additional health benefits to consumers [18,19] and reduce the risk of disorders caused by free radicals [20]. Recently, considerable attention focused on the use of natural antioxidants to defend the human body against brain tissues and neurological disorders associated with free radical damage [20,21].…”

Scutellaria petiolata Hemsl. ex Lace & Prain (Lamiaceae).: A New Insight in Biomedical Therapies

“…Multiple investigations emphasize that several natural plant-based antioxidant agents have been useful in addressing health complications associated with oxidative stress [ 20 ]. Some plants basis antioxidant sources have demonstrated promising biological impacts; having the capability to resist the human pathogenic microbes, relieve pain, and heal inflammation [ 21 ].The development of an effective anti-inflammatory medication product with a higher margin of safety has always been a challenge [ 22 ]. The pathogenic complications also lead to inflammation which is a recent and most terrifying challenge for the scientist to explore innovative products to overcome inflammations [ 23 ] for the reason that the intake of synthetic medications for the long term may produce adverse effects [ 24 ].…”

Phytochemical Profiling and Bio-Potentiality of Genus Scutellaria: Biomedical Approach

“…It is estimated that approximately 10% of the 32,000 identified species of plants are medicinally important across the world in which the remedial practices of the genus Scutellaria cannot be denied [ 135 ]. Because chemically synthesized pharmaceutical products are expensive and out of reach for the average person in developing countries, plants are the primary source of phytomedicines for pain, inflammation, and microbial resistance [ 136 ].…”

Enzymes Inhibition and Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plants Growing in Oman

“…Natural antioxidants can improve food quality including color, taste, flavor, and stability and also act as standardized nutrients (nutraceuticals) to end up the attack of free radicals in biological systems [16,17], that might deliver additional health benefits to consumers [18,19] and reduce the risk of disorders caused by free radicals [20]. Recently, considerable attention focused on the use of natural antioxidants to defend the human body against brain tissues and neurological disorders associated with free radical damage [20,21].…”

Scutellaria petiolata Hemsl. ex Lace & Prain (Lamiaceae).: A New Insight in Biomedical Therapies

“…Multiple investigations emphasize that several natural plant-based antioxidant agents have been useful in addressing health complications associated with oxidative stress [ 20 ]. Some plants basis antioxidant sources have demonstrated promising biological impacts; having the capability to resist the human pathogenic microbes, relieve pain, and heal inflammation [ 21 ].The development of an effective anti-inflammatory medication product with a higher margin of safety has always been a challenge [ 22 ]. The pathogenic complications also lead to inflammation which is a recent and most terrifying challenge for the scientist to explore innovative products to overcome inflammations [ 23 ] for the reason that the intake of synthetic medications for the long term may produce adverse effects [ 24 ].…”

Phytochemical Profiling and Bio-Potentiality of Genus Scutellaria: Biomedical Approach

“…It is estimated that approximately 10% of the 32,000 identified species of plants are medicinally important across the world in which the remedial practices of the genus Scutellaria cannot be denied [ 135 ]. Because chemically synthesized pharmaceutical products are expensive and out of reach for the average person in developing countries, plants are the primary source of phytomedicines for pain, inflammation, and microbial resistance [ 136 ].…”

Enzymes Inhibition and Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plants Growing in Oman

“…Natural antioxidants can improve food quality including color, taste, flavor, and stability and also act as standardized nutrients (nutraceuticals) to end up the attack of free radicals in biological systems [16,17], that might deliver additional health benefits to consumers [18,19] and reduce the risk of disorders caused by free radicals [20]. Recently, considerable attention focused on the use of natural antioxidants to defend the human body against brain tissues and neurological disorders associated with free radical damage [20,21].…”

Scutellaria petiolata Hemsl. ex Lace & Prain (Lamiaceae).: A New Insight in Biomedical Therapies

“…Multiple investigations emphasize that several natural plant-based antioxidant agents have been useful in addressing health complications associated with oxidative stress [ 20 ]. Some plants basis antioxidant sources have demonstrated promising biological impacts; having the capability to resist the human pathogenic microbes, relieve pain, and heal inflammation [ 21 ].The development of an effective anti-inflammatory medication product with a higher margin of safety has always been a challenge [ 22 ]. The pathogenic complications also lead to inflammation which is a recent and most terrifying challenge for the scientist to explore innovative products to overcome inflammations [ 23 ] for the reason that the intake of synthetic medications for the long term may produce adverse effects [ 24 ].…”