Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries

Filterable PM2.5, Metallic Elements, and Organic Carbon Emissions from the Exhausts of Diesel Vehicles

“…For instance, extended exposure to Fe may result in the development of pneumoconiosis, whereas prolonged exposure to Zn may result in arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and heart disease. Remarkably, they also found out that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and has the potential to cause asthma, liver damage, and nasal septum perforation (Banu et al, 2017;Oruko et al, 2020). Furthermore, Ni may lead to nasal and lung cancer (Cheng et al, 2018).…”

“…Furthermore, Ni may lead to nasal and lung cancer (Cheng et al, 2018). In most cases, Cr species can get into the eukaryotic system and cause impulsive reactions with the intracellular reductants, for instance, ascorbate and glutathione, causing the short-lived intermediates Cr(V) and/or Cr(IV), free radicals and the Cr(III) endproduct (Oruko et al, 2020). The short-lived intermediates within the cytoplasm are oxidized to Cr(VI), which quickly combines with complexes of DNA proteins and alters their usual physiological roles (Sun et al, 2019) as well as destroying their DNA (Oruko et al, 2020), which has genotoxic and mutagenic consequences.…”

“…In most cases, Cr species can get into the eukaryotic system and cause impulsive reactions with the intracellular reductants, for instance, ascorbate and glutathione, causing the short-lived intermediates Cr(V) and/or Cr(IV), free radicals and the Cr(III) endproduct (Oruko et al, 2020). The short-lived intermediates within the cytoplasm are oxidized to Cr(VI), which quickly combines with complexes of DNA proteins and alters their usual physiological roles (Sun et al, 2019) as well as destroying their DNA (Oruko et al, 2020), which has genotoxic and mutagenic consequences. These also block important functional groups, displace other metal ions or change the active conformation of biological molecules (Torkmahalleh et al, 2013;Nigam et al, 2015) which contributes to hepatic damage and pulmonary obstruction and causes skin inflammation, gastrointestinal problems leading to ulcer formation.…”

“…These also block important functional groups, displace other metal ions or change the active conformation of biological molecules (Torkmahalleh et al, 2013;Nigam et al, 2015) which contributes to hepatic damage and pulmonary obstruction and causes skin inflammation, gastrointestinal problems leading to ulcer formation. Moreover, Cr(VI) species has the potential to accumulate in the placenta and damage the fetus development, leading to birth defects and a decrease in reproductive health (Banu et al, 2017;Oruko et al, 2020). Moreover, Cu can lead to health conditions such as interstitial fibrosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary granuloma, whereas exposure to Cd and Pb may cause anemia, blood poisoning, and itai-itai disease.…”

“…Thus, the accumulation of MEs in marine ecosystems becomes a significant global concern. MEs contamination might have devastating impacts on the ecological balance of the environment and negatively affect the diversity of aquatic organisms (Oruko et al, 2020). Among animal species, fishes are the inhabitants that cannot escape from the harmful effects of these ME pollutants (Banu et al, 2017;Oruko et al, 2020).…”