The combined use of surface and groundwater that recognizes site-specificity and communities' preference structure can greatly determine the social and economic sustainability of communities in a growing metropolis. Utilizing both primary and secondary information pertaining to the water sector of India's capital city, this paper collectively looks at water demand, public choice and financial sustainability of water supply augmentations in both planned urban and unplanned peri-urban areas having differing levels of planning and resource availability. Households' preference heterogeneity for water supply scenarios differentiated by their 'quality' (potable or non-potable) and 'source' (surface or groundwater) has been examined through a carefully designed choice experiment (CE) using iterative bidding game. Household's choice and preference behaviour for dual quality water (decentralized municipal water for drinking and local groundwater for other purposes), single potable quality water and the 'business-as-usual' scenarios are assessed through utility function based multinomial logit (MNL) and nested logit (NL) choice models. The values resulting from the analysis are assessed in terms of water supply augmentation options and their practical limits incorporating the choice and preferences from the heterogeneous planning environments typical of a metropolis.Keywords: Public choice, Water, Resource quality, Pricing, Willingness to pay
IntroductionWhen considering natural resource use in an economic sense, questions of both 'adequacy' and 'quality' levels available to the communities are of vital importance. Economics, the application of choice offers a means of understanding the nature of the choices people make and, through this understanding, researchers or policy makers decide upon a 'resource-conservative' approach that satisfies society's demands as well as improves resource sustainability (Kolstad, 2003). Adequate quantity of water meeting safety standards whether sourced from underground aquifer or streams has been increasingly viewed as an economic good fundamental to people's health, survival, growth and development (Note 1). Due to increasing demand from the society and the economy, water has become a scarce resource. The scarcity is deepening day-by-day due to limited availability and supply constraints. Additional quality deterioration further exacerbates water scarcity (Ahmad et al., 2005). The scarcity scenario has undoubtedly changed people's perception and awareness about 'source limits' and economic realities of water supply made available by the government and public utilities. Many analysts argue that because water is increasingly scarce, it is increasingly valuable -and this value should be made evident by pricing water and allowing markets to establish the 'right' price for it. It has been observed by several researchers and development experts that both quality and quantity is compromised when it comes to providing water to communities in developing countries (Briscoe & Malik, 2006). ...