Constructed wetlands – Are they safe in reducing protozoan parasites?

Redder, Andreas; Dürr, Matthias; Daeschlein, Georg; Baeder-Bederski, Oliver; Koch, Christoph; Müller, Roland; Exner, Martin; Borneff-Lipp, M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.001

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Due to their larger size, the removal of protozoa has been shown to be largely a physical process, attributed to either sedimentation in FWS systems (Falabi et al, 2002;Gerba et al, 1999) or filtration in HSSF and VF systems (Redder et al, 2010). Accordingly, removal of these pathogens, the most commonly reported being Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, can be reliable where sedimentation and filtration are promoted though not necessarily high.…”

Section: The Ranges Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constructed wetlands for greywater recycle and reuse: A review

Arden

2018

Science of The Total Environment

151

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Concern over dwindling water supplies for urban areas as well as environmental degradation from existing urban water systems has motivated research into more resilient and sustainable water supply strategies. Greywater reuse has been suggested as a way to diversify local water supply portfolios while at the same time lessening the burden on existing environments and infrastructure. Constructed wetlands have been proposed as an economically and energetically efficient unit process to treat greywater for reuse purposes, though their ability to consistently meet applicable water quality standards, microbiological in particular, is questionable. We therefore review the existing case study literature to summarize the treatment performance of greywater wetlands in the context of chemical, physical and microbiological water quality standards. Based on a cross-section of different types of wetlands, including surface flow, subsurface flow, vertical and recirculating vertical flow, across a range of operating conditions, we show that although microbiological standards cannot reliably be met, given either sufficient retention time or active recirculation, chemical and physical standards can. We then review existing case study literature for typical water supply disinfection unit processes including chlorination, ozonation and ultraviolet radiation treating either raw or treated greywater specifically. An evaluation of effluent water quality from published wetland case studies and the expected performance from disinfection processes shows that under appropriate conditions these two unit processes together can likely produce effluent of sufficient quality to meet all nonpotable reuse standards. Specifically, we suggest that recycling vertical flow wetlands combined with ultraviolet radiation disinfection and chlorine residual is the best combination to reliably meet the standards.

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Section: The Ranges Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For FWS systems, LRs of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts of 0.4 to 1.7 have been reported (Falabi et al, 2002;Gerba et al, 1999;Karpiscak et al, 1996). For HSSF systems, LRs of the same pathogens of 0.2-3 have been reported (Nokes et al, 2003;Quinonez-Diaz et al, 2001;Redder et al, 2010).…”

Section: The Ranges Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructed wetlands for greywater recycle and reuse: A review

Arden

2018

Science of The Total Environment

151

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“…hybrid systems). For example, [20] obtained a log10 reduction of 2 in a hybrid system for treatment of raw waste water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards recommendations for design of wetlands for post-tertiary treatment of waste water in the baltic sea region: Gdańsk case study

et al. 2017

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There are many challenges that need to be addressed if the far reaching objectives on high environmental status as required in the EU Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive will be met in the Baltic Sea Region within the next decade. For wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) this implies, in spite of the many improvements made during the last decade, development and introduction of new technology to further reduce eutrophying compounds, hazardous chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Constructed wetlands when properly designed and operated have been shown to be robust systems with low energy requirements that may not only reduce many types of pollutants but may also provide many additional ecosystem services beyond requirements generally imposed by authorities. For example, they may support and enhance biodiversity and be used to convert brownfield areas in urban landscapes to recreational areas. Reduced cost is possible if treated water is reused in industry or for irrigation. In a project, supported by the Swedish Institute, a https://doi.org/10.15626/Eco-Tech.2014.037Linnaeus ECO-TECH ´14, Kalmar, Sweden, November 24-26, 2014 group of scientists, a water company and water using industry has together with local authorities through workshops, field studies and literature studies worked on finding a general first recommendation on design and operation. In this paper we will present the scientific rational and legal constraints for the general design and operation of a wetland system for post-tertiary treatment of waste water from WWTPs using Gdańsk as an example. The proposal includes a first part, which mainly will be focusing on pollutant and pathogen removal using particle traps and a HSSF wetland on land owned by the WWTP and a second part consisting of a FWS wetland which, in addition to further polishing the water, will enhance biodiversity and provide recreational areas on derelict land owned by the city.

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“…The removal of Giardia cysts at two plants in Germany that received municipal wastewater (population served, 100.000 at Plant A, and 300 at Plant B) was also evaluated (Redder et al, 2010). Samples of wastewater (influents) and effluents (first and second filter flow, and from a facultative pond) were tested by the USEPA 1623 method.…”

Section: Constructed Wetlandsmentioning

confidence: 99%