Connecting models, data, and concepts to understand fragmentation's ecosystem‐wide effects

Haddad, Nick M.; Holt, Robert D.; Fletcher, Robert J.; Loreau, Michel; Clobert, Jean

doi:10.1111/ecog.02974

Cited by 73 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Seven out of the ten known host-plant species, potentially acting as different selective environments ( sensu [3]), have distribution ranges that overlap with less than 50% of the distribution range of C. uncinatus . A similar finding was reported by Kemp et al [54] who found that spatially separated herbivorous insect populations (and species) on restios often use a different suite of host-plants because of spatial turnover of host-plants. This pattern is mirrored by herbivorous insects in the tropics [55], suggesting that it may be common for spatially separated herbivorous insect populations of the same species to experience divergent selection as a result of plant species turnover.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Spatial turnover in host-plant availability drives host-associated divergence in a South African leafhopper (Cephalelus uncinatus)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe evolution of reproductive isolation between herbivorous insect populations is often initiated by shifts to novel host-plants, a process that underlies some of the best examples of ecological speciation. However, it is not well understood why host-shifts occur. Arguably the most common hypothesis is that host-shifts occur in response to competition, while a less frequently invoked hypothesis is that herbivores adapt locally to geographic differences in potential host-plant communities. Here we investigate whether geographic variation in host-plant availability is likely to have driven host-shifts in restio leafhoppers. We studied local adaptation of a camouflaged restio leafhopper species, Cephalelus uncinatus, to host-plants in the Restionaceae (restios); a family of plants with exceptional diversity in the anomalously species-rich Cape Floristic Region (CFR). To determine whether C. uncinatus experiences heterogeneous host communities across its range, we first quantified the degree of geographic overlap between C. uncinatus and each of its associated host-plant species. Then we quantified trait divergence (host preference, body size and colour) for three pairs of C. uncinatus populations found on different host-plant species differing in their degree of spatial overlap. Spectral reflectance was modelled in bird visual space to investigate whether body colour divergence in C. uncinatus corresponds to leaf sheath colour differences between restio species as perceived by potential predators.ResultsWe demonstrate that C. uncinatus is forced to use different restio species in different regions because of turnover in available host species across its range. Comparisons between geographically separated populations were consistent with local adaptation: restio leafhoppers had preferences for local host-plants over alternative host-plants and matched local plants better in terms of size and colour.ConclusionsSpatial turnover in host-plant availability has likely facilitated host-shifts in C. uncinatus. Spatial turnover in host-plant availability may be an important driver of insect diversification in the CFR and globally.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0916-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Spatial turnover in host-plant availability drives host-associated divergence in a South African leafhopper (Cephalelus uncinatus)

et al. 2017

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“…At the same time, the more mechanistically complex a model is, the harder it is to parameterize (Getz et al 2018) and to interpret emergent patterns. neutral versus niche-based dynamics) as well as to evaluate emergent patterns (Haddad et al 2015(Haddad et al , 2017. neutral versus niche-based dynamics) as well as to evaluate emergent patterns (Haddad et al 2015(Haddad et al , 2017.…”

Section: Mechanistic Simulation Modeling As a Navigational Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding extinction debts: spatio–temporal scales, mechanisms and a roadmap for future research

et al. 2019

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Extinction debt refers to delayed species extinctions expected as a consequence of ecosystem perturbation. Quantifying such extinctions and investigating long-term consequences of perturbations has proven challenging, because perturbations are not isolated and occur across various spatial and temporal scales, from local habitat losses to global warming. Additionally, the relative importance of eco-evolutionary processes varies across scales, because levels of ecological organization, i.e. individuals, (meta) populations and (meta)communities, respond hierarchically to perturbations. To summarize our current knowledge of the scales and mechanisms influencing extinction debts, we reviewed recent empirical, theoretical and methodological studies addressing either the spatio-temporal scales of extinction debts or the eco-evolutionary mechanisms delaying extinctions. Extinction debts were detected across a range of ecosystems and taxonomic groups, with estimates ranging from 9 to 90% of current species richness. The duration over which debts have been sustained varies from 5 to 570 yr, and projections of the total period required to settle a debt can extend to 1000 yr. Reported causes of delayed extinctions are 1) life-history traits that prolong individual survival, and 2) population and metapopulation dynamics that maintain populations under deteriorated conditions. Other potential factors that may extend survival time such as microevolutionary dynamics, or delayed extinctions of interaction partners, have rarely been analyzed. Therefore, we propose a roadmap for future research with three key avenues: 1) the microevolutionary dynamics of extinction processes, 2) the disjunctive loss of interacting species and 3) the impact of multiple regimes of perturbation on the payment of debts. For their ability to integrate processes occurring at different levels of ecological organization, we highlight mechanistic simulation models as tools to address these knowledge gaps and to deepen our understanding of extinction dynamics.The extinctions that comprise an extinction debt can be expected based on the assumption of a new equilibrium to be achieved. This new equilibrium is also a community state that depends on how much the perturbation changes environmental conditions and community properties. The changes in species richness will then emerge from the interactions of eco-evolutionary processes over time at multiple levels of ecological organization (Cabral et al. 2017(Cabral et al. , 2019. This reasoning emphasizes extinction debt as a community (or metacommunity) state. Therefore, we further refer to mechanisms of extinction debt as eco-evolutionary processes creating or prolonging this state, i.e. delaying extinctions and thus putting and maintaining the community into debt.Being a state, an extinction debt has to be first and foremost, detected. Once detected, it can be characterized (Fig. 1). The extinction debt itself is the number of extinctions expected to happen as consequence of a perturbation, therefore, the main m...

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“…(Walz and Syrbe 2013). Haddad et al (2016) states that the effect of forest fragmentation on species diversity arises in part because of the many ways of each species responds to edge changes, patch configuration and metrics quality, and not just all species, all individuals of the same species responding in different ways (Cote et al 2016).…”

Section: Implications For Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Restormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haddad et al (2016) states from a new perspective on the loss of ecology due to habitat loss and fragmentation, metacommunity theory to understand and predict the properties of spatial networks of interacting species and abiotic factors should be done, i.e. the dynamic interaction between species, environment and abiotic space, since they all have a depth effect (separate and combination) on the coexistence of species, species diversity, and functioning of ecosystems.…”

Section: Implications For Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Restormentioning

confidence: 99%

The landscape structure change of the tropical lowland forest and its possible effect on tree species diversity in South Sumatra, Indonesia

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Zulfikhar, Zulkifli H, Kadir S, Iskandar I. 2017. The landscape structure change of the tropical lowland forest and its possible effect on tree species diversity in South Sumatra,. The forest fragmentation is a spatial structure change, resulted in a reduction of the number and size of forest patches, and a subdivision and breaking up of the areas into smaller parcels. The key scientific challenges concern the significant gaps exist in our ability to understand the relationships between landscape structure, biodiversity and the output of ecosystem services at different spatial and temporal scales. The objective of this study was to examine the possible effect of changes in a spatial pattern of habitat against the changes of the tree species diversity. We apply a landscape structure analysis of the forest fragmentation, and then determine the principal component of the landscape metrics. We analyzed multitemporal satellite imageries from 1989 to 2013, that have been clipped as a sampling area. Thirty-two circular sampling areas with a radius of 2,500 meters were used. We conducted observations in 32 unit sample plots of biodiversity in the size of 20 meters by 50 meters, at a midpoint of the clip of area sampling. The results of a test of inter-correlation of all variable data showed that there were 15 of 23 landscape metrics of natural forest, reliable for the next analysis. We reduced the number of variables into three new variable groups using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We produce three of six models of principal component multipleregression were significant (p < 0.05) to predict the composition and diversity of tree species caused by a change of landscape metrics, namely the species richness index, species equity index, and basal area of a tree stand. The prediction models are beneficial in the planning of biodiversity conservation and restoration of the fragmented natural forest.

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Connecting models, data, and concepts to understand fragmentation's ecosystem‐wide effects

Cited by 73 publications

References 84 publications

Spatial turnover in host-plant availability drives host-associated divergence in a South African leafhopper (Cephalelus uncinatus)

Spatial turnover in host-plant availability drives host-associated divergence in a South African leafhopper (Cephalelus uncinatus)

Understanding extinction debts: spatio–temporal scales, mechanisms and a roadmap for future research

The landscape structure change of the tropical lowland forest and its possible effect on tree species diversity in South Sumatra, Indonesia

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