Congenital kala-azar

Non-Sand Fly Transmission of a North American Isolate of Leishmania Infantum in Experimentally Infected Balb/C Mice

“…Additionally, occasional reports of congenital transmission of leishmaniasis have been reported in humans (Low and Cooke, 1926;Nyakundi et al, 1988;Yadav et al, 1989;Eltoum et al, 1992;Meinecke et al, 1999) and in dogs (Mancianti and Sozzi, 1995;Masucci et al, 2003). It has been suggested that maternal transmission plays a role in the spread of L. infantum among foxhounds in North America (Gaskin et al, 2002;Rosypal et al, 2003).…”

Transplacental Transmission of a North American Isolate of Leishmania infantum in an Experimentally Infected Beagle

“…Studies have suggested that transmission might also occur infrequently by sexual contact (Catone et al, 2003), blood transfusions (Owens et al, 2001;Giger et al, 2002), and direct contact (Lainson and Bray, 1964;Nuwayri-Salti and Khansa, 1985). Rare cases of congenital transmission have been documented in humans (Low and Cooke, 1926;Nyakundi et al, 1988;Yadav et al, 1989;Eltoum et al, 1992;Meinecke et al, 1999). Similarly, it has been suggested that maternal transmission can occasionally occur in dogs (Mancianti and Sozzi, 1995;Masucci et al, 2003).…”

A case of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis in the Netherlands

“…Vertical transmission of leishmaniasis has not been documented in dogs but some authors think that it may play a role in the spread of canine VL (22). Vertical transmission of VL via the placenta has been reported in humans (4,6,17,24), but the haemochorialis type placenta of humans is probably less of a barrier to transmission than the endothelial chorialis placenta of the dog (12).…”

“…It is possible that transmission by another mode occurs quite often in endemic regions having a high infection rate but is not appreciated because possible contact with a sandfly cannot be excluded with certainty. Reports of human infection by stet other than sandflies are spurious and include a case of venereal contamination, infection by the bite of an infected hamster, transmission via a blood transfusion, and vertical transmission via the placenta (4,6,9,17,24).…”