Conditioned responses in a methadone population A comparison of laboratory, clinic, and natural settings

Ecological momentary assessment in the investigation of craving and substance use in daily life: A systematic review

“…While some studies have found an association between craving or cue-reactivity assessed in the laboratory and relapse (al'Absi et al, 2005;Back et al, 2010;Fatseas et al, 2011;Sinha et al, 2006;Waters et al, 2004), other studies have failed to reveal such a link (Abrams et al, 1988;Rohsenow et al, 1994;Shadel et al, 1998). Moreover, a minority of participants failed to respond to cues or reported little craving in some studies (Avants et al, 1995;Childress et al, 1986). These discrepancies highlight the importance of individual variability in craving and relapse, as well as the necessity of interpreting findings as a function of these sources of variance.…”

A Nicotine Antagonist, Mecamylamine, Reduces Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects

“…Drug craving was rated on a recent version of the Within Session Rating Scale developed by Childress and colleagues (Childress et al 1986), whereas mood was measured using the Mood Analog Scale (Berger et al 1996). The Within Session Rating Scale is a self-reported measure in which patients estimate the intensity of their current desire and likelihood to use cocaine, cocainelike high, desire to use tobacco, tobacco withdrawal, and a variety of drug-related states on a 1-to 100-mm visual analog scale.…”

Basolateral amygdala inactivation abolishes conditioned stimulus- and heroin-induced reinstatement of extinguished heroin-seeking behavior in rats

“…Heroin users commonly attribute relapse to exposure to heroin-associated stimuli (e.g. paraphernalia, drug-paired neighborhood) or to heroin itself (Wikler 1948;Childress et al 1986aChildress et al , 1986bChildress et al , 1988Sell et al 2000;Katz 2001). Similarly, in rats, exposure to heroinpaired stimuli or a heroin priming injection reinstates extinguished drug-seeking behavior, operationally defined as operant responding on a previously drug-paired lever in the absence of drug reinforcement (de Wit and Stewart 1983;Shaham and Stewart 1996;Spanagel et al 1998;De Vries et al 1999;Gracy et al 2000).…”