Conditioned Orientation Reflex Audiometry: A New Technique for Pure-Tone Audiometry in Young Children Under 3 Years of Age

The development of basic auditory processes in infants.

“…We have argued that the techniques employed in the neonatal period may not be measuring thresholds of hearing but rather thresholds of 'responsiveness' or 'attention' to sounds. We have claimed, however, that the visual reinforcement techniques pioneered by Suzuki and Ogiba (1961), Moore et al (1975), and modified by us (Trehub et al, 1980) are effective in the determination of absolute thresholds in quiet and in background noise. These procedures have the further advantage of applicability over a broad age range, a feature which will greatly facilitate the study of auditory development.…”

“…Given the inappropriateness of standard psychophysical techniques, investigators have attempted to modify existing techniques or to invent new techniques to measure infants' responsivity to sound. These techniques have used a wide variety of response measures, such as the auropalpebral reflex which involves blinking, or tightening of the eyelids (e.g., Froding,i960), the acoustic reflex which refers to a bilateral contraction of the stapedius muscle (Abahazi & Greenberg, 1977), the Moro reflex or startle (e.g., Hardy, Dougherty, & Hardy, 1959), eye movement (e.g., Turkewitz, Moreau, & Birch, 1966), non-nutritive sucking (e.g., Eisele, Berry, & Shriner, 1975), changes in general activity (e.g., Birns, Blank, Bridger, & Escalona, 1965), conditioned orienting responses (e.g., Suzuki & Ogiba, 1961), inhibition of startle blink responses (Strock, Graham, & Ziegler, 1978), heart rate (e.g., Bartoshuk, 1964), respiration (e.g., Steinschneider, 1968), skin resistance changes (e.g., Crowell, Davis, Chun, & Spellacy, 1965), and evoked responses from the cortex and brain stem (e.g., Hecox, 1975). Convenience has sometimes dictated the use of different measures at different ages, a practice which precludes an adequate description of age trends.…”

Extreme Phenotypic Variability of ACTG1‐Related Disorders in Hearing Loss

“…Age is shown for the patients on their first visit. B) Tone audiometry, Suzuki–Ogiba test [ 25 ] Black rectangles: Overall hearing, for Patient 1 and Pure‐tone audiometry (Red circles: Right ear; Blue crosses: Left ear) for Patient 2 are depicted. Both audiograms are faithful copies of the original studies.…”

Audiometric evaluation in individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis

“…- Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA): VRA was performed by means of stimulation-response-visual reinforcement for children aged 6 months to 2 years, as proposed by the authors of previous studies 12,13 and recommended by Azevedo 14. In this study, VRA was performed with pure tones modulated at frequencies ( warble ) from 500 to 4000 Hz at intensities of 80, 60, 40 and 20 dB NA, both in these orders.…”