Condensed Phase Guerbet Reactions of Ethanol/Isoamyl Alcohol Mixtures

Nezam, Iman; Peereboom, Lars; Miller, Dennis J.

doi:10.3390/reactions1020009

Cited by 1 publication

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“…The traditional mechanism of ethanol coupling involves dehydrogenation, aldol condensation, and hydrogenation, in accordance with the mechanism of the Guerbet reaction. , Ni-based catalysts are excellent dehydrogenation and hydrogenation agents, and are one of the most effective catalysts for ethanol coupling. , Pang et al prepared highly dispersed Ni-MgAlO catalysts where the metallic Ni sites improved ethanol dehydrogenation, achieving 55 and 85% selectivity to n -butanol and C 4 –C 8 alcohols, respectively, at an ethanol conversion of 18.7%. Nezam et al used Ni/La 2 O 3 /γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts to convert ethanol to higher alcohols at 230 °C with 75–80% selectivity. However, a high dehydrogenation rate and the ability to break C–C/C–O bonds by metallic Ni − boost the conversion, leading to the formation of byproducts such as methane (CH 4 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficient Catalytic Upgrading of Ethanol to Higher Alcohols via Inhibiting C–C Cleavage and Promoting C–C Coupling over Biomass-Derived NiZn@NC Catalysts

et al. 2022

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The conversion of renewable bioethanol into high-energy-density higher alcohols has become essential for meeting the increasing global demand to achieve carbon neutrality. In this study, Zn- and nitrogen-codoped Ni-based lignin-derived carbon catalysts (NiZn@NC) were prepared by solvent volatile self-assembly and in situ reductive carbonization using pulp and paper waste stream alkali lignin as the carbon source. Lignin amphipathic derivatives with −COOH and −NH2 groups would coordinate with metal ions to form a stable lignin–metal framework; thus, the lignin-derived carbon layer disperses the NiZn bimetallic catalyst and prevents from corroding. At an amination reagent/lignin mass ratio of 1:2, an ethanol conversion of 75.2% and a high alcohol yield of 41.7% were achieved over the Ni20Zn1@NC catalyst. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations showed that Zn doping improved the electronic environment and defect structures of metallic Ni and carbon carrier, which effectively inhibited C–C cleavage and suppressed the byproduct formation, such as methane. Thereby, the synergetic effect between Ni and Zn facilitated the efficient conversion of aqueous ethanol into higher alcohols by the Guerbet reaction. This work provides a strategy of in situ pyrolytic doping and stabilizing of renewable biomass macromolecules as the frameworks for the construction of highly active and cost-efficient catalysts for ethanol upgrading.

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