Concurrent Resurgence and Behavioral History

Silva, Stephanie P. da; Maxwell, Megan E.; Lattal, Kennon A.

doi:10.1901/jeab.2008.90-313

Cited by 75 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…3 adequately describes the repeated-resurgence phenomenon, although considerable variability occurred in the individual parameter estimates. It is important to note that decreased resurgence across tests is not contradictory to previous findings that repeated examinations of resurgence within subjects result in similar relapses (da Silva, Maxwell, & Lattal, 2008; Lieving & Lattal, 2003), because in these previous experiments baseline responding was reestablished before the second examination of extinction and resurgence. In these cases, Eq.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Behavioral momentum and resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated resurgence tests

Sweeney

Shahan

2013

Learn Behav

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Resurgence is an increase in a previously extinguished operant response that occurs if an alternative reinforcement introduced during extinction is removed. Shahan and Sweeney (2011) developed a quantitative model of resurgence based on behavioral momentum theory that captures existing data well and predicts that resurgence should decrease as time in extinction and exposure to the alternative reinforcement increases. Two experiments tested this prediction. The data from Experiment 1 suggested that without a return to baseline, resurgence decreases with increased exposure to alternative reinforcement and to extinction of the target response. Experiment 2 tested the predictions of the model across two conditions, one with constant alternative reinforcement for five sessions, and the other with alternative reinforcement removed three times. In both conditions, the alternative reinforcement was removed for the final test session. Experiment 2 again demonstrated a decrease in relapse across repeated resurgence tests. Furthermore, comparably little resurgence was observed at the same time point in extinction in the final test, despite dissimilar previous exposures to alternative reinforcement removal. The quantitative model provided a good description of the observed data in both experiments. More broadly, these data suggest that increased exposure to extinction may be a successful strategy to reduce resurgence. The relationship between these data and existing tests of the effect of time in extinction on resurgence is discussed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Behavioral momentum and resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated resurgence tests

Sweeney

Shahan

2013

Learn Behav

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“…Although studies about the role of reinforcers rate on the reappearance of a response have inconsistent results (e.g., Craig & Shahan, 2016;Podlesnik & Shahan, 2010;Silva et al, 2008), both in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 of the present study the reappearance of S1 was correlated to higher rate of reinforcers. Moreover, the number of responses per sequence or, more precisely, the intrasequence discriminative control, which is stronger in sequences with lower number of responses (Abreu- Rodrigues et al, 2004), should also be considered.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

“…However, attributing the more frequent reappearance of S1 with high probability to the higher rate of reinforces for that sequence demands care, since the contribution of the rate of reinforcers to resurgence is a controversial issue in literature. Some authors (e.g., Craig & Shahan, 2016;da Silva, Maxwell & Lattal, 2008) advocate that the rate of reinforcers is not a reliable predictor of resurgence or, at least, as reliable as the rate of responses (here, the rate of sequences did not vary between groups or contexts). Other authors (e.g., Podlesnik & Shahan, 2010), however, suggest a direct relation between rate of reinforcers and magnitude of resurgence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaparecimento de sequências com diferentes números de respostas em contextos de extinção e de variação

Abreu‐Rodrigues

2016

Psic.: Teor. e Pesq.

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-The reappearance of a response previously extinguished when an alternative response no longer produces reinforcers is called resurgence. The effects of three variables on the reappearance of response sequences -sequence probability (high and low), context of test (extinction and operant variation) and number of responses per sequence (three and five responses) -were investigated. Sequences with high probability reappeared more often than sequences with low probability, the reappearance of the target sequence was more frequent under extinction than under variation, and the reappearance of the target sequence varied inversely with the number of responses by sequence. The reappearance of the target sequence was not conceptualized as resurgence because its frequency was lower than that of the control sequences.Keywords: resurgence, sequence probability, context of test, number of responses per sequence, humans. Reaparecimento de Sequências com Diferentes Números de Respostas em Contextos de Extinção e de VariaçãoRESUMO -O reaparecimento de uma resposta previamente extinta quando os reforços para uma resposta alternativa são descontinuados é denominado ressurgência. Foram investigados os efeitos de três variáveis sobre o reaparecimento de sequências de respostas: probabilidade da sequência (alta e baixa), contexto de teste (extinção e variação operante) e número de respostas por sequência (três e cinco). Sequências muito prováveis reapareceram mais frequentemente que sequências pouco prováveis; o reaparecimento da sequência alvo foi mais frequente no contexto de extinção do que de variação; e o reaparecimento da sequência alvo variou inversamente ao número de respostas por sequência. O reaparecimento da sequência alvo, entretanto, não foi conceitualizado como ressurgência, uma vez que sua frequência foi menor que a das sequências controle.Palavras-chave: ressurgência, probabilidade da sequência, contexto de teste, número de respostas por sequência, humanos.

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“…However, a few exceptions exist in which animals were required to abstain from responding to earn reinforcers during Phase 2. For example, experiments have shown that resurgence can occur when alternative reinforcement is delivered according to a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior (DRO) schedule (da Silva, Maxwell, & Lattal, 2008; Doughty, da Silva, & Lattal, 2007; Pacitti & Smith, 1977). According to this schedule, reinforcers during Phase 2 are delivered independent of responding on an explicit R2.…”

Section: Evaluating the Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context Change Explains Resurgence After the Extinction of Operant Behavior

Trask

Schepers

Bouton

2015

RMAC

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Extinguished operant behavior can return or "resurge" when a response that has replaced it is also extinguished. Typically studied in nonhuman animals, the resurgence effect may provide insight into relapse that is seen when reinforcement is discontinued following human contingency management (CM) and functional communication training (FCT) treatments, which both involve reinforcing alternative behaviors to reduce behavioral excess. Although the variables that affect resurgence have been studied for some time, the mechanisms through which they promote relapse are still debated. We discuss three explanations of resurgence (response prevention, an extension of behavioral momentum theory, and an account emphasizing context change) as well as studies that evaluate them. Several new findings from our laboratory concerning the effects of different temporal distributions of the reinforcer during response elimination and the effects of manipulating qualitative features of the reinforcer pose a particular challenge to the momentumbased model. Overall, the results are consistent with a contextual account of resurgence, which emphasizes that reinforcers presented during response elimination have a discriminative role controlling behavioral inhibition. Changing the "reinforcer context" at the start of testing produces relapse if the organism has not learned to suppress its responding under conditions similar to the ones that prevail during testing.Operant behavior has been an important focus of laboratory research for many decades because it provides a model for studying the variables that control voluntary behavior. In a typical study of operant behavior, animals such as rats learn to perform a response (e.g., a lever press or chain pull) to receive an outcome (such as a food reinforcer). Although the animal is free to do whatever it "wants" during a session, it can be shown that the rate of its behavior is lawfully related to its consequences. Indeed, once the response has been acquired, it can be reduced through a process known as extinction, in which the reinforcer or outcome is no longer produced by that response. Extinction is a well-known and popular method for reducing behavioral excesses. However, behavior that has been reduced through extinction is prone to recovery and relapse (see , for one review). Therefore, the suppression of operant responding that occurs when reinforcers are omitted should not be taken as evidence that the original learning has been erased or unlearned.

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Concurrent Resurgence and Behavioral History

Cited by 75 publications

References 27 publications

Behavioral momentum and resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated resurgence tests

Behavioral momentum and resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated resurgence tests

Reaparecimento de sequências com diferentes números de respostas em contextos de extinção e de variação

Context Change Explains Resurgence After the Extinction of Operant Behavior

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