Conceptual Framework for Smart Health: A Multi-Dimensional Model Using IPO Logic to Link Drivers and Outcomes

Abstract

Smart health is considered to be a new phase in the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in healthcare that can improve its efficiency and sustainability. However, based on our literature review on the concept of smart health, there is a lack of a comprehensive perspective on the concept of smart health and a framework for how to link the drivers and outcomes of smart health. This paper aims to interweave the drivers and outcomes in a multi-dimensional framework under the input–process–output (IPO) logic of the “system view” so as to promote a deeper understanding of the model of smart health. In addition to the collection of studies, we used the modified Delphi method (MDM) to invite 10 experts from different fields, and the views of the panelists were analyzed and integrated through a three-round iterative process to reach a consensus on the elements included in the conceptual framework. The study revealed that smart health contains five drivers (community, technology, policy, service, and management) and eight outcomes (efficient, smart, sustainable, planned, trustworthy, safe, equitable, health-beneficial, and economic). They all represent a unique aspect of smart health. This paper expands the research horizon of smart health, shifting from a single technology to multiple perspectives, such as community and management, to guide the development of policies and plans in order to promote smart health.

Conceptual framework for establishing twins prevention and continuous health promotion programme: a qualitative study

“…Experts recommended setting up the HPPP cohort as a suitable solution for monitoring the twin health with low government visit costs. The conceptual model presented in figure 1 illustrates the characteristics of the desired programme based on the input-process-output (IPO) model which is commonly used in health studies to present a comprehensive process and causal model of the programme 36–39. Our model combines experts’ opinions and themes extracted from FGDs.…”

“…Our model combines experts’ opinions and themes extracted from FGDs. The IPO model is commonly used in health studies to present a more comprehensive process and causal model of the programme 36–38. It explains the features, structure, prerequisites and infrastructure of such systems.…”

“…The conceptual model presented in figure 1 illustrates the characteristics of the desired programme based on the input-process-output (IPO) model which is commonly used in health studies to present a comprehensive process and causal model of the programme. [36][37][38][39] Our model combines experts' opinions and themes extracted from FGDs. The IPO model is commonly used in health studies to present a more comprehensive process and causal model of the programme.…”

“…The IPO model is commonly used in health studies to present a more comprehensive process and causal model of the programme. [36][37][38] It explains the features, structure, prerequisites and infrastructure of such systems. Our proposed framework is planned based on a concept that describes the inter-professional nature of our programme.…”

The Evaluation Technology of Manufacturer Intelligence Regarding the Selection of the Decision Support System of Smart Manufacturing Technologies: Analysis of China–South Africa Relations

“…Qin [15], who conducted research on the green operation benefits of power generation enterprises, proposed an intuitionistic fuzzy comprehensive analytic hierarchy process based on improved dynamic hesitation degree (D-IFAHP) and an improved extreme learning machine algorithm optimized by the RBF (radial basis function) kernel function (RELM), which simplifies the manufacturing evaluation process. Another expert scoring method is the Delphi method, which has been mentioned in the context of smart shipping [16] and smart health [17], but has not been applied to smart manufacturer evaluation.…”