Concepts in quantum state tomography and classical implementation with intense light: a tutorial

Toninelli, Ermes; Ndagano, Bienvenu; Vallés, Adam; Sephton, Bereneice; Nape, Isaac; Ambrosio, Antonio; Capasso, Federico; Padgett, Miles J.; Forbes, Andrew

doi:10.1364/aop.11.000067

Cited by 133 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…Our scheme can be extended to multiple participants and requires conventional linear optical elements making it easily scalable. For a practical implementation waveplates and dove prisms can be rotated using electronically driven rotation mounts [45], whose rotation rate would be the only limiting factor with regards to the generation rates. The spatial modes used are OAM modes of light, which can be represented by LG modes and thus are the natural modes of quadratic media.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental high-dimensional quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit-structured photons

et al. 2020

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Secret sharing allows three or more parties to share secret information which can only be decrypted through collaboration. It complements quantum key distribution as a valuable resource for securely distributing information. Here we take advantage of hybrid spin and orbital angular momentum states to access a high dimensional encoding space, demonstrating a protocol that is easily scalable in both dimension and participants. To illustrate the versatility of our approach, we first demonstrate the protocol in two dimensions, extending the number of participants to ten, and then demonstrate the protocol in three dimensions with three participants, the highest realisation of participants and dimensions thus far. We reconstruct secrets depicted as images with a fidelity of up to 0.979. Moreover, our scheme exploits the use of conventional linear optics to emulate the quantum gates needed for transitions between basis modes on a high dimensional Hilbert space with the potential of up to 1.225 bits of encoding capacity per transmitted photon. Our work offers a practical approach for sharing information across multiple parties, a crucial element of any quantum network.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental high-dimensional quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit-structured photons

et al. 2020

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“…Altogether, arbitrary shaping of the OAM spectrum of light remains an open challenge. Yet, many applications require this, for example, the quantum Fourier transform as well as crucial steps in quantum computational algorithms such as that of Shor [14] and Grover [15] and general quantum information processing simulated with classical light [16][17][18]. In general, the task is to take an arbitrary initial OAM spectrum (specified by the coefficients c ) and modify it according to c | → c | .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-step shaping of the orbital angular momentum spectrum of light

Pinnell¹,

Rodríguez-Fajardo²,

Forbes³

2019

Opt. Express

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Control of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in optical fields has seen tremendous growth of late, with a myriad of tools existing for their creation and detection. What has been lacking is the ability to arbitrarily modify the OAM spectrum of a superposition in amplitude and phase, especially if a priori knowledge of the initial OAM spectrum is absent. Motivated by a quasi-mapping that exists between the position and OAM of Laguerre-Gaussian modes, we propose an approach for a singlestep modulation of a field's OAM spectrum. We outline the concept and implement it through the use of binary ring apertures encoded on spatial light modulators. We show that complete control of the OAM spectrum is achievable in a single step, fostering applications in classical and quantum information processing that utilise the OAM basis. arXiv:1907.08878v1 [physics.optics]

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“…Moreover, there exists a type of entanglement-like state, sometimes named as local entanglement between different degrees of freedom (DoFs) in a single system [10,11]. In the literature, this phenomenon is variously called 'intra-system entanglement', 'nonquantum entanglement', 'hybrid entanglement' or 'nonseparable state' [11][12][13]. It may also appear in classical systems, i.e., a classical nonseparable optical mode [14][15][16]; and in single particle [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical simulation of high-dimensional entanglement by non-separable angular–radial modes

Liu¹,

Liu²,

Yang³

et al. 2019

Opt. Express

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An analogous model system for high-dimensional quantum entanglement is proposed, based on the angular and radial degrees of freedom of the improved Laguerre Gaussian mode. Experimentally, we observed strong violations of the Bell-CGLMP inequality for maximally nonseparable states of dimension 2 through 10. The results for violations in classical non-separable state are in very good agreement with quantum instance, which illustrates that our scheme can be a useful platform to simulate high-dimensional non-local entanglement. Additionally, we found that the Bell measurements provide sufficient criteria for identifying mode separability in a high-dimensional space. Similar to the two-dimensional spin-orbit non-separable state, the proposed high-dimensional angular-radial non-separable state may provide promising applications for classical and quantum information processing.

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Concepts in quantum state tomography and classical implementation with intense light: a tutorial

Cited by 133 publications

References 211 publications

Experimental high-dimensional quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit-structured photons

Experimental high-dimensional quantum secret sharing with spin-orbit-structured photons

Single-step shaping of the orbital angular momentum spectrum of light

Classical simulation of high-dimensional entanglement by non-separable angular–radial modes

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