Concentration profiles and spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in an industrial center with condensed fluorochemical facilities

Shan, Guoqiang; Wei, Mingcui; Zhu, Lingyan; Liu, Zhengtao; Zhang, Yahui

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.005

Cited by 87 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The highly variable concentrations and homologue profiles of Σ 10 PFAAs demonstrate that the rivers are affected by different emission sources and that several rivers receive industrial discharges leading to elevated concentrations. 5,21,23,24,30 Overall, the range of PFAA levels in the Chinese rivers (sampled in 2013) was comparable to those reported in rivers from other countries sampled between 2005 and 2010. For example, the PFOA levels for 14 major European rivers in 2005−2006 ranged <0.65−23 ng/L with the exception of the Po River (200 ng/L) which was affected by a point source emission.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers

Wang

Vestergren

Herzke

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

197

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An extensive sampling campaign was undertaken to study the levels, isomer profiles and riverine mass discharges of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and fluorinated alternatives in 19 Chinese rivers. The levels and homologue profiles of Σ 10 PFAAs varied considerably among the 19 rivers (mean 106; median 16.3, range 8.9−1240 ng/L), indicating the influence of specific point sources. Highly branched isomer profiles of perfluorooctanoic acid (18−25% br-PFOA) in rivers with elevated concentrations (96−352 ng/L) indicate that releases during production of PFOA by electrochemical fluorination and/or its use in fluoropolymer manufacture were the dominant sources to these rivers. The fluorinated alternatives 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (detection frequency 21%, < 0.1−3.1 ng/L) and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate F-53B (51%, < 0.56−78.5 ng/L) were also found in some rivers. The total Chinese riverine mass discharges of PFOA (mean 80.9; range 16.8−168 t/y) (including monitoring data from this and other studies) were in good agreement with theoretical PFOA emission estimates (17.3−203 t/y) whereas riverine mass discharges of PFOS (mean 3.6; range 1.9−5.6 t/y) could only account for a minor fraction of theoretically estimated PFOS releases (70 t/y). This study provides empirical evidence that emissions from Chinese point sources likely dominate the global emissions of several legacy PFASs (notably PFOA) and fluorinated alternatives (e.g., F-53B).

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers

Wang

Vestergren

Herzke

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

197

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show abstract

“…The reason for this is unclear because the manufacturer did not halt production during the time of the sampling campaigns. In China, high levels of PFHxA have already been detected in the outlets of facilities (Shan et al 2014) and in the receiving rivers (Shi et al 2015). The present results confirm that PFHxA was used as a processing aid, as an alternative to PFOA.…”

Section: Discharge Of F2 Facilitysupporting

confidence: 80%

“…During the final steps of manufacturing, these PFASs are disposed of by discharging into the environment. Several investigations around fluoropolymer facilities have demonstrated the damaging consequences of these discharges on the quality of the receiving water body, soil contamination, and the exposure of residents living near these facilities (Bao et al 2011;Dauchy et al 2012;Davis et al 2007;Hansen et al 2002;Hoffman et al 2011;Loos et al 2008;Shan et al 2014;Valsecchi et al 2015). Due to health concerns of the bioaccumulative long-chain PFASs and the pressure of government authorities, fluoropolymer manufacturers have taken steps to reduce environmental emissions and completely eliminate the use of longchain PFASs (those with seven or more perfluorinated carbons) by 2015 (US-EPA 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of two fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities on downstream contamination of a river and drinking water resources with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Bach¹,

Boiteux²,

Colin³

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants that have been detected in the environment, biota, and humans. Drinking water is a route of exposure for populations consuming water contaminated by PFAS discharges. This research study reports environmental measurement concentrations, mass flows, and the fate of dozens of PFASs in a river receiving effluents from two fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities. In addition to quantified levels of PFASs using LC-and GC-MS analytical methods, the total amount of unidentified PFASs and precursors was assessed using two complementary analytical methods, absorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and oxidative conversion of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) precursors. Several dozen samples were collected in the river (water and sediment) during four sampling campaigns. In addition, samples were collected in two well fields and from the outlet of the drinking water treatment plants after chlorination. We estimated that 4295 kg PFHxA, 1487 kg 6:2FTSA, 965 kg PFNA, 307 kg PFUnDA, and 14 kg PFOA were discharged in the river by the two facilities in 2013. High concentrations (up to 176 ng/g dw) of odd long-chain PFASs (PFUnDA and PFTrDA) were found in sediment samples. PFASs were detected in all 15 wells, with concentrations varying based on the location of the well in the field. Additionally, the presence of previously discharged PFASs was still measurable. Significant discrepancies between PFAS concentration profiles in the wells and in the river suggest an accumulation and transformation of PFCA precursors in the aquifer. Chlorination had no removal efficiency and no unidentified PFASs were detected in the treated water with either complementary analytical method. Although the total PFAS concentrations were high in the treated water, ranging from 86 to 169 ng/L, they did not exceed the currently available guideline values.

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“…Generally, the concentrations of PFASs in water from Section 3 of Xiaoqing River were among the highest ever reported (Lein et al, 2008;Bao et al, 2011;Shan et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014b). Concentrations of PFASs in marine waters outside of the Xiaoqing estuary (W29eW36: 586e8120 ng/L) were also 2e3 orders of magnitude higher than concentrations previously reported for coastal seawater in China (Cai et al, 2012) and elsewhere (Zhao et al, 2012;Benskin et al, 2012a;Takemine et al, 2014).…”

Section: Identifying the Sources Of Pfass To Xiaoqing Rivermentioning

confidence: 63%

“…This change of place of production has also led to a continued or increasing production and use of perfluorooctyl compounds which have largely been phased out in Europe and North America (Xie et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2014a). Although, numerous studies have reported highly elevated concentrations of both legacy and replacement PFASs in environmental samples and human blood serum from China (Bao et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2013Zhou et al, , 2014Shan et al, 2014), a comprehensive understanding of the major emission sources is lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing direct emissions of perfluoroalkyl substances from ongoing fluoropolymer production sources: A spatial trend study of Xiaoqing River, China

Shi

Vestergren

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

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Concentration profiles and spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in an industrial center with condensed fluorochemical facilities

Cited by 87 publications

References 40 publications

Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers

Levels, Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers

The impact of two fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities on downstream contamination of a river and drinking water resources with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Characterizing direct emissions of perfluoroalkyl substances from ongoing fluoropolymer production sources: A spatial trend study of Xiaoqing River, China

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