Concentration effects of three common fish anesthetics on Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

McCord, Charlene L.; Whiteley, Emma; Liang, Jessica; Trejo, Cathy; Caputo, Rebecca; Itehua, Estefania; Hasan, Hina; Hernández, Stephanie; Jagnandan, Kevin; Fudge, Douglas S.

doi:10.1007/s10695-020-00761-4

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Wild-captured Pacific Hagfishes ( E. stoutii ) were housed in a 1000-liter tank of chilled artificial seawater (34%, 8°C) at Chapman University, CA, USA. Hagfish were anesthetized using clove oil (200 mg/L) (McCord et al 2020). For euthanasia, hagfish were first anesthetized in 200 mg/L of clove oil and then transferred to a lethal dose of MS-222 (250 mg/L).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime

Zeng

Plachetzki

Nieders

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Fiber-reinforced soft materials possess high flexibility with high strength but are rare in nature. Hagfishes can produce a tough, fibrous slime within a fraction of a second by ejecting two cellular products, mucus and threads, into seawater. With thousands of silk-like threads, the slime is highly effective in defending against large predators. However, the evolutionary origin of hagfish slime remains unresolved, with the presence of another, putatively homologous thread in the epidermis providing circumstantial evidence for an epidermal origin. Here, we investigated the epidermal threads produced in hagfish skin. We found that these threads average ~2 mm in length and ~0.5 μm in diameter, or ~80 times shorter and ~4 times thinner than the slime threads, characterizing the second longest intracellular fiber. The entire hagfish body is covered by a dense layer of epidermal thread cells, with each square millimeter of skin storing a total of ~96 cm threads. Experimentally induced damage to a hagfish's skin caused the release of threads, which together with mucus, formed an adhesive epidermal slime that is more fibrous and less dilute than the defensive slime. Transcriptome analyses further revealed that the epidermal threads are ancestral to the slime threads, with duplication and diversification of thread genes in parallel with the evolution of slime glands. These results support an epidermal origin of hagfish slime and slime glands, as driven by predator selection for stronger and more voluminous slime.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime

Zeng

Plachetzki

Nieders

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…This information was used to approximate the original body length of preserved specimens for which fresh body length was never recorded. For fresh exudate samples, hagfishes were anesthetized in 200 mg/L of clove oil following McCord et al 34 The animal was then transferred to a chilled dissection tray and measured for body length and mass. A Grass S48 Square Pulse Stimulator with a twoprong stimulation wand was used to induce the release of slime exudate from two to three glands posterior to the most posterior gill aperture.…”

Section: Star+methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For sampling in the laboratory, wild-captured hagfishes were housed in a 1000-l tank filled with chilled artificial seawater (ASW; 34%, 8 C) at Chapman University, CA, USA. For sampling in the field, wild-captured hagfishes were anesthetized in 200 mg/L of clove oil following a previously established protocol 34 and subsequently euthanized with MS-222 (250mg/L) after experiments. Hagfishes are not covered under the Chapman University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).…”

Section: Author Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of a remarkable intracellular polymer and extreme cell allometry in hagfishes

Zeng¹,

Petrichko²,

Nieders³

et al. 2021

Current Biology

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“…The use of anaesthetics not only helps prevent physical damage to the fish, but it also attenuates physiological stress responses (Weber et al, 2009). Many substances have been tested for the purpose of anaesthesia (Aydın & Orhan, 2021;Hoseini et al, 2020;McCord et al, 2020); however, each active substance has its peculiarities that must be taken into account when used. Some chemicals used to induce anaesthesia may be restricted or prohibited (Iversen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anaesthetic efficacy of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil on silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen )

Silva

Deschamps

Matter

et al. 2021

Aquaculture Research

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Aquaculture handling requires fast anaesthesia, assuming an action-time within 3 min and a recovery time of <5 min. This study aimed to determine the lowest effective concentration (LEC) of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oil (EEO) administered to Rhamdia quelen and its anaesthetic effects. Analysis of EEO chemical profile showed 1,8-cineole as the main component. Two assays were then carried out. In the first, four concentrations were tested (600, 650, 700 and 750 µl L −1 ). EEO was found to be an effective anaesthetic in R. quelen with LEC of 700 µl L −1 . During this assay, no fish mortality occurred. The second assay evaluated stress. Fish were divided into three groups: control (baseline values, without anaesthetic); eugenol (50 mg L −1 ) and EEO (700 µl L −1 ). In this assay, EEO also inhibited the primary stress response. While cortisol did not increase in the EEO regime, plasma glucose and lactate levels did increase in blood. Meanwhile, eugenol kept all stress indicators equal to those of the control group. Therefore, although EEO has suitable anaesthetic characteristics, it should be used with caution, as it does not prevent changes in plasma glucose and lactate for R. quelen.

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Concentration effects of three common fish anesthetics on Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime

Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime

Evolution of a remarkable intracellular polymer and extreme cell allometry in hagfishes

The anaesthetic efficacy of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil on silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen )

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