Computer Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Sinoatrial Node

Dobrzynski, Halina; Li, J.; Tellez, James O.; Greener, Ian; Nikolski, Vladimir P.; Wright, Sally; Parson, Simon H.; Jones, Sandra A.; Lancaster, Matthew K.; Yamamoto, Masahito; Honjo, Haruo; Takagishi, Yoshiko; Kodama, Itsuo; Efimov, Igor R.; Billeter, Rudi; Boyett, Mark R.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000152100.04087.db

Cited by 163 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Antibodies against the neurofilament NAPA-73 have been localized to regions consistent with early conduction system in the ten somite embryonic chick heart (Ciment, 1990). Furthermore, the relationship to impulse conducting cells of the conduction system has been directly confirmed with electrophysiologic recording in the adult rabbit (Dobrzynski et al, 2003(Dobrzynski et al, , 2005). The rabbit embryo, then, is an ideal model for the visualization of the atrial and ventricular components of the normal mammalian cardiac conduction system.…”

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confidence: 84%

Three‐dimensional anatomy of the conduction system of the early embryonic rabbit heart

Rothenberg

Efimov

2005

Anat. Rec.

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The complete embryonic cardiac conduction system is difficult to view in three dimensions, primarily because there has not been a marker of all segments of the normal system throughout all stages of development. Imaging of the conduction system components within the atria has been particularly controversial because different markers reveal different pathways that may or may not represent conduction system components. The conduction system of the adult and embryonic rabbit, however, can be labeled in its entirety with the neurofilament marker, NF-160. The conduction system of rabbit embryos at several stages of development spanning cardiac septation was therefore investigated. Optical mapping of the electrical signature of the conduction system previously revealed a close correlation between the cardiac activation patterns and the anatomy as shown by serial sections. The 3D relationship between the components of the conduction system could only be inferred from the 2D sections. The sections were consequently reconstructed using a commercial software program (AutoQuant). This is the first demonstration of the three-dimensional complete normal rabbit embryonic cardiac conduction system at several stages of development.

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mentioning

confidence: 84%

Three‐dimensional anatomy of the conduction system of the early embryonic rabbit heart

Rothenberg

Efimov

2005

Anat. Rec.

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“…For example, to stop sinus rhythm in the dog, an extensive lesion is required along the whole of the terminal crest between the superior and inferior caval veins (Kalman et al, 1995). A detailed computer three-dimensional (3D) model of the anatomy of the sinus node of the rabbit, based on serial sections processed using histology and immunohistochemistry, shows the rabbit sinus node to extend from the superior to the inferior caval vein (Dobrzynski et al, 2005), a finding consistent with electrophysiological data from the rabbit (Fedorov et al, 2006). It is possible, therefore, that the human sinus node is a more Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer Three‐Dimensional Anatomical Reconstruction of the Human Sinus Node and a Novel Paranodal Area

Chandler

Aslanidi

Buckley

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

100

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We have previously shown in rabbit that the pacemaker of the heart (the sinus node) is widespread and matches the wide distribution of the leading pacemaker site within the right atrium. There is, however, uncertainty about the precise location of the pacemaker in human heart, and its spatial relationships with the surrounding right atrial muscle. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the distribution of the sinus node tissue in a series of healthy human hearts and, for one of the hearts to construct a computer three-dimensional anatomical model of the sinus node, including the likely orientation of myocytes. A combination of experimental techniques-diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI), histology, immunohistochemistry, image processing and computer modelling-was used. Our data show that the sinus node was larger than in previous studies and, most importantly, we identified a previously unknown area running alongside the sinus node (the ''paranodal area"), which is even more extensive than the sinus node. This area possesses properties of both nodal and atrial tissues and may have a role in pacemaking. For example, it could explain the wide spread distribution of the leading pacemaker site in human right atrium, a phenomenon known as the wandering pacemaker observed in clinics. In summary, a Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.Abbreviations used: AM ¼ Atrial muscle; ANP ¼ Atrial natriuretic peptide; Ao ¼ Aorta; Cx40, Cx43 ¼ Connexin 40 and 43; 3D ¼ Three-dimensional; DT-MRI ¼ Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging; HCN4 ¼ Ion channel responsible for hyperpolarization-activated or 'funny' current, I f ; IVC ¼ Inferior vena cava; Kir2.1 ¼ Ion channel responsible for background inward rectifier K þ current, I K1 ; Kir6.2 ¼ Ion channel responsible for ATP-sensitive K þ current, I KATP ; Kv1.4 ¼ Ion channel responsible for transient outward K þ current, I to ; LAA ¼ Left atrial appendage; MiRP2 ¼ Accessory protein for K þ channels; N av1.5, Nav 1 ¼ Na þ channel responsible for inward Na þ current, I Na ; PA ¼ Pulmonary artery; PV ¼ Pulmonary vein; RA ¼ Right atrium; RAA ¼ Right atrial appendage; RV ¼ Right ventricle; SCV ¼ Superior caval vein; SK2 ¼ Ion channel responsible for Ca 2þ -activated K þ current, I KCa ; TASK1 Twin-pore domain K þ channel; Tbx3 ¼ Transcription factor; TC ¼ Terminal crest.

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“…9 Most of the studies and experiments to explore the morphology and the pacemaker activity of the SA node were done on animal models including rabbits, sheep, and rats; because the cellular structure of human SA node is similar to these animal models. 2,3,6,8,[10][11][12][13] Three-dimensional models of SA node of human heart will help to understand the integrity, architecture and functional anatomy of the SA node, and guide the planning of catheter ablation techniques for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Human Sinoatrial Node

Fırat¹,

Erbil²,

Kaymaz³

et al. 2013

Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci

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A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The precise location and structure of the sino-atrial node (SA node) and its relationships with surrounding tissues is uncertain. Therefore, our first aim in this study was to make a real 3D model of the SA node from a human heart to understand the neighborings of the structures that make it. Our second aim was to show numerical data regarding the neighborings so that such data could be useful for clinical procedures. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The SA node was obtained from a formalin-fixed cadaver, embedded in paraffin, 5 µm thick complete serial sections were cut and stained with Masson's trichrome stain for demonstrating the it. 3D reconstruction of SA node was generated by using a fully computerized system with XYZ motorized stage and Neurolucida software. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : SA node was apparent in 90 of 143 histological sections as a crescent-like structure. Nodal myocytes were circumferentially arranged around an obvious central SA nodal artery and embedded in a dense connective tissue. In 3D solid views, we noted the SA node and the SA nodal artery. Crescentlike shaped SA node was located subepicardially between superior vena cava and terminal crest, and it had an extension as a tail toward and parallel to the inferior vena cava. Mean length of the node was 5.04 mm, whereas its width was 1.22 mm. The mean distance of the endocardium to its nearest point to SVC was 0.64 mm, to its nearest point to terminal crest was 2.29 mm, and to the largest part of the node was 0.73 mm. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Our findings for the localization, anatomy, histology, and the distribution of cells in the node seem to be comparable to that of the previous studies. We have also showed nodal extensions and nodal artery in this model. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Sinoatrial node; heart conduction system; image processing, computer-assisted Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Nodus sinuatrialis'in yapısı ve çevre dokularla ilişkisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle; çalışmamızın ilk amacı bilgisayarlı bir sistem aracılığı ile, insan nodus sinuatrialis'inin üç boyutlu modellemesidir. İkinci amacımız ise nodus sinuatrialis'i ve çevre yapılar ile ilişkisini klinik işlemlerde kullanılabilecek sayısal verilerle ifade etmektir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Nodus sinuatrialis formalin ile fikse edilmiş kadavradan çıkarıldı, parafine gömüldü, 5 µm seri kesitleri alındı ve Masson trikrom boyası ile boyandı. Nodus sinuatrialis'in üç boyutlu modellemesi, üze-rinde hareketli XYZ modülü bulunan bilgisayarlı bir sistem ve Neurolucida programı ile yapıldı. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Nodus sinuatrialis; 143 kesitin 90 tanesinde, yarım ay şeklinde bir yapı olarak görüldü. İleti hücrelerinin, ortalarında bulunan arteria nodi sinuatrialis (a. coronaria dextra r. nodi sinuatrialis)'in çevresinde dairesel olarak yerleştiği ve sıkı bağ dokusunun içinde yer aldığı gö-rüldü. Üç boyutlu modellerde nodus sinuatrialis ve arteria...

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Computer Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Sinoatrial Node

Abstract: Background-There is an effort to build an anatomically and biophysically detailed virtual heart, and, although there are models for the atria and ventricles, there is no model for the sinoatrial node (SAN

Cited by 163 publications

References 26 publications

Three‐dimensional anatomy of the conduction system of the early embryonic rabbit heart

Three‐dimensional anatomy of the conduction system of the early embryonic rabbit heart

Computer Three‐Dimensional Anatomical Reconstruction of the Human Sinus Node and a Novel Paranodal Area

Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Human Sinoatrial Node

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