Computational Study of Benzothiazole Derivatives for Conformational, Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Features and Their Potential to Act as Antibacterials

Abstract

Benzothiazole analogs are very interesting due to their potential activity against several infections. In this research, five benzothiazole derivatives were studied using density functional theory calculations. The optimized geometry, geometrical parameters and vibrational spectra were analyzed. The charge distribution diagrams, such as FMO (HOMO-LUMO), energies of HOMO-LUMO, polarizability, hyperpolarizability, MESP and density of states, were calculated. The computed energies of HOMO and LUMO showed that the transfer of charge occurred within the compound. The effect of the change of substituents on the ring on the value of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap was also observed. It was observed that, in this series, compound 4 with CF3 substituent had the lowest energy gap of HOMO-LUMO, and compound 5 with no substituent had highest HOMO-LUMO energy gap. From the energies of HOMO and LUMO, the reactivity descriptors, such as electron affinity (A), ionization potential (I), chemical softness (σ), chemical hardness (ƞ), electronic chemical potential (μ), electrophilicity index (ω), were calculated. In addition, the 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts of the molecules were calculated using the gauge-independent atomic orbit (GIAO) method; the shifts were in good agreement with the experimental values. The anti-bacterial potential of compounds 1 to 5 was tested by molecular docking studies toward target proteins 2KAU and 7EL1 from Klebsiella aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 3 and 1 showed high affinity toward 2KAU and 7EL1, respectively.

Synthesis of 1-(4-Bromobenzoyl)-1,3-dicyclohexylurea and Its Arylation via Readily Available Palladium Catalyst─Their Electronic, Spectroscopic, and Nonlinear Optical Studies via a Computational Approach

“…The HOMO–LUMO energy difference of the molecule provides us with information about the general reactivity of the molecule. Due to the significant energy difference between the HOMO and the LUMO, the reactivity of the compound becomes more significant, and vice versa . In this series ( 5a – g ), compound 5c showed a maximum energy gap of 5.31 eV between the HOMO and the LUMO, which leads to the most stable and least reactive compound in this series, and compound 5f shows a minimum maximum energy gap of 4.57 eV between the HOMO and the LUMO which led to the most reactive and least stable compound in this series.…”

“…Due to the significant energy difference between the HOMO and the LUMO, the reactivity of the compound becomes more significant, and vice versa. 22 In this series (5a−g), compound 5c showed a maximum energy gap of 5.31 eV between the HOMO and the LUMO, which leads to the most stable and least reactive compound in this series, and compound 5f shows a minimum maximum energy gap of 4.57 eV between the HOMO and the LUMO which led to the most reactive and least stable compound in this series. The frontier molecular orbital maps of all of the synthesized compounds (3, 5a−g) are given in Figure 2.…”

Deciphering the Lexicon of Protein Targets: A Review on Multifaceted Drug Discovery in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

“…39 The effects and mechanisms of benzothiazole derivatives, as well as the computational methods that led to their discovery, are discussed in Table 4. 284 Benzothiazole derivatives continue to gain popularity as research shows they can effectively combat cancer. 283…”

“…These compounds have been shown to be effective against a variety of cancer cell lines via a variety of mechanisms . The effects and mechanisms of benzothiazole derivatives, as well as the computational methods that led to their discovery, are discussed in Table . Benzothiazole derivatives continue to gain popularity as research shows they can effectively combat cancer …”

Theoretical design and evaluation of efficient small donor molecules for organic solar cells

“…The information of different global reactivity descriptors can also calculate from FMO analysis data [74]. So, different global reactivity descriptors for all the designed molecules (BP1-BP7) were calculated by using the following equations [75][76][77] to evaluate kinetic stability as well as the chemical reactivity of compounds as well as and mentioned in Table 3 Hardness There is more evidence that a molecule is chemically stable with, a higher value of hardness. This chemical stability, which is directly related to the bandgap, is accompanied by a decrease in reactivity.…”