Computational psychiatry of impulsivity and risk: how risk and time preferences interact in health and disease

López-Guzmán, Silvia; Konova, Anna B.; Glimcher, Paul W.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0135

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 123 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Dopaminergic medications increase risk-taking by changing the subjective weighting of the reward probabilities 34 or by increasing the baseline gambling tendency 35 . In this study, it is very likely to have similar effects where MPH via D1 and α 2 -norepinephrine receptors enhanced the vmPFC activity (one of brain's core valuation system 36 ) and altered the subjective value of the choices. This altered representation may then be reflected as a shift in the 'apriori' bias (response bias parameter) towards the risky choice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…These findings might suggest a higher tolerance towards risk or uncertainty. Computational estimates may act as potential biomarkers capturing subtle effects of medication on risk behaviours not manifested in behaviours 7,36,37 . Our findings have relevance not just in ADHD but also in the impulsive-compulsive disorder spectrum, or the effects of cognitive enhancers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Risk evaluation is a critical component of decision making. Risk tolerance is relevant in both daily decisions and pathological disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where impulsivity is a cardinal symptom. Methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed drug in ADHD, improves attention but has mixed reports on risk-based decision making. Using a double-blinded placebo protocol, we studied the risk attitudes of ADHD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers while performing the 2-step sequential learning task and examined the effect of methylphenidate on their choices. We then applied a novel computational analysis using the hierarchical drift–diffusion model to extract parameters such as threshold (‘a’—amount of evidence accumulated before making a decision), drift rate (‘v’—information processing speed) and response bias (‘z’ apriori bias towards a specific choice) focusing specifically on risky choice preference. Critically, we show that ADHD patients on placebo have an apriori bias towards risky choices compared to controls. Furthermore, methylphenidate enhanced preference towards risky choices (higher apriori bias) in both groups but had a significantly greater effect in the patient population independent of clinical scores. Thus, methylphenidate appears to shift tolerance towards risky uncertain choices possibly mediated by prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation. We emphasise the utility of computational models in detecting underlying processes. Our findings have implications for subtle yet differential effects of methylphenidate on ADHD compared to healthy population.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…B 374: 20180128 arousal in response to salient stimuli) can lead to a progression of psychiatric disorders. Lopez-Guzman et al [43] discuss the interaction between choice impulsivity, as measured by delay discounting, and risk aversion. Although behaviourally and neurally distinct, the authors discuss the mathematical relationship between these two constructs, and in particular how operational measures of choice impulsivity often fail to take account of attitude to risk.…”

Section: Overview Of Theme Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications

Isles

Winstanley

Humby

2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Our willingness to take risks, our ability to wait or the speed with which to make decisions are central features of our personality. However, it is now recognized that impulsive and risk-taking behaviours are not a unitary construct, and different aspects can be both psychologically and neurally dissociated. The range of neurochemicals and brain systems that govern these behaviours is extensive, and this may be a contributing factor to the phenotypic range seen in the human population. However, this variety can also be pathological as extremes in risk-taking and impulsive behaviours are characteristics of many neuropsychiatric and indeed neurodegenerative disorders. This spans obsessive–compulsive disorder, where behaviour becomes ridged and non-spontaneous, to the nonsensical risk-taking seen in gambling and drug taking. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.

show abstract

“…The resulting behavior may contribute to the "cycle of poverty": where children born into poverty tend to stay in poverty (Haushofer and Fehr, 2014). More so, stress may cause maladaptive and dangerous behaviors, making this study relevant to the prevention of substance dependence and various impulsivity disorders (Linsky and Straus, 1986;Lempert et al, 2012Lempert et al, , 2018bLopez-Guzman et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Willingness to wait covaries with endogenous variation in cortisol

Lukinova

Erlich

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has been argued that one dimension of the cycle of poverty is that poverty is a state of chronic stress and that chronic stress impairs decision-making. These poor decisions, made under chronic stress, might include carrying high-interest loans, failure to buy health insurance, gambling or drug use. As such, these decisions can contribute to the cycle of poverty. More specifically, a few studies suggest that increased stress may lead to more risk-aversion and steeper delay-discounting. While the deleterious effects of chronic stress on brain function are well established, much less is known about how chronic stress influences financial decision making specifically. Here, in a longitudinal design within six weeks period we aimed to incorporate biological mechanisms to improve our understanding of how stress influences economic decisions. We used a combination of decision-making tasks, questionnaires, saliva and hair samples within-subject (N=41). We assessed time and risk preferences using hierarchical Bayesian techniques to both pool data and allow heterogeneity in decision making and compared those to cortisol levels and self-reported stress. We found only weak links between endogenous variation in stress and model-based estimates of risk and time preferences. In particular, we found that fluctuations in the stress level measured via hair sample were not only positively correlated with time preferences in the short delay task and risk preferences, but also the decision noise in the risk task. However, relationships for the risk task disappeared when an outlier was removed. Also, we found model-free task measures in the short delay task to be moderately related to both hair cortisol as well as the stressful life events questionnaire measure. For example, we observed that endogenous stress fluctuations and the life change units were negatively correlated with the proportion of later choices. Finally, we established that for the reaction times the curvilinear relationship was preferred to the linear one for those with increase in biological stress level compared to the baseline: when cortisol level increased slightly, participants decided slower, but when stress increased to higher levels, they decided quicker.

show abstract

Computational psychiatry of impulsivity and risk: how risk and time preferences interact in health and disease

Cited by 23 publications

References 123 publications

Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications

Willingness to wait covaries with endogenous variation in cortisol

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About