Compressive behavior of a turtle’s shell: Experiment, modeling, and simulation

Damiens, R.; Rhee, Hongjoo; Hwang, Youngkeun; Park, S.J.; Hammi, Youssef; Lim, Hyun Jung; Horstemeyer, M.F.

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.10.011

Cited by 71 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mechanical properties of the turtle shell, mainly focusing on the bony cortices and cancellous interior via bending [288], indentation, compression, flexure and modeling [289][290][291][292], compression, tension and simulation [293,294], have been studied. The composite structure and mechanical properties in different orientations of dry red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scriptaare) shell are illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Hard and Soft Epidermis Of Testudinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Wang

Yang

McKittrick

et al. 2016

Progress in Materials Science

656

474

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a b s t r a c tA ubiquitous biological material, keratin represents a group of insoluble, usually high-sulfur content and filament-forming proteins, constituting the bulk of epidermal appendages such as hair, nails, claws, turtle scutes, horns, whale baleen, beaks, and feathers. These keratinous materials are formed by cells filled with keratin and are considered 'dead tissues'. Nevertheless, they are among the toughest biological materials, serving as a wide variety of interesting functions, e.g. scales to armor body, horns to combat aggressors, hagfish slime as defense against predators, nails and claws to increase prehension, hair and fur to protect against the environment. The vivid inspiring examples can offer useful solutions to design new structural and functional materials.Keratins can be classified as a-and b-types. Both show a characteristic filament-matrix structure: 7 nm diameter intermediate filaments for a-keratin, and 3 nm diameter filaments for b-keratin.Both are embedded in an amorphous keratin matrix. The molecular unit of intermediate filaments is a coiled-coil heterodimer and that of b-keratin filament is a pleated sheet. The mechanical response of a-keratin has been extensively studied and shows linear Hookean, yield and post-yield regions, and in some cases, a high reversible elastic deformation. Thus, they can be also be considered 'biopolymers'. On the other hand, b-keratin has not been investigated as comprehensively. Keratinous materials are strain-rate sensitive, and the effect of hydration is significant.Keratinous materials exhibit a complex hierarchical structure: polypeptide chains and filament-matrix structures at the nanoscale, Progress in Materials Science 76 (2016) 229-318 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Materials Sciencej o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p m a t s c i organization of keratinized cells into lamellar, tubular-intertubular, fiber or layered structures at the microscale, and solid, compact sheaths over porous core, sandwich or threads at the macroscale. These produce a wide range of mechanical properties: the Young's modulus ranges from 10 MPa in stratum corneum to about 2.5 GPa in feathers, and the tensile strength varies from 2 MPa in stratum corneum to 530 MPa in dry hagfish slime threads. Therefore, they are able to serve various functions including diffusion barrier, buffering external attack, energy-absorption, impact-resistance, piercing opponents, withstanding repeated stress and aerodynamic forces, and resisting buckling and penetration.A fascinating part of the new frontier of materials study is the development of bioinspired materials and designs. A comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry, structure and mechanical properties of keratins and keratinous materials is of great importance for keratin-based bioinspired materials and designs. Current bioinspired efforts including the manufacturing of quill-inspired aluminum composites, animal horn-inspired SiC composites, and feather-i...

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Section: Hard and Soft Epidermis Of Testudinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

Wang

Yang

McKittrick

et al. 2016

Progress in Materials Science

656

474

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“…Herein, abalone shell, animal bones and mammal teeth have been referenced as models for the purpose of designing bio-inspired synthetic composites with distinctive performances [1][2][3][4][5]. As a typical structure, the turtle shell has carefully been studied to understand the relationship between its complex morphologies and its outstanding protective behavior against the environmental penetration [5][6][7][8][9][10]. According to these studies, also indicated in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, microstructure and mechanical properties of a bio-inspired Ti-intermetallic multi-layered/SiCf-reinforced Ti-matrix hybrid composite

Zhu

Aman

et al. 2016

J Mater Sci

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In reference to the crack deflection ability of multi-layered keratin and the fibers reinforcement of the dorsal cortex in the turtle shell carapace, a bio-inspired composite of Ti-intermetallic multi-layered/SiC f -reinforced Ti matrix was successfully fabricated through vacuum hot-pressing sintering using pure titanium foils, pure aluminum foils and continuous SiC ceramic fibers. Our observation reveals that Ti-intermetallic multi-layers were well bonded to each other with the formation of in situ Ti 3 Al, TiAl, TiAl 2 and TiAl 3 phases between Ti layers. At the same time, SiC fibers were firmly bonded to the Ti matrix through a circular joining of TiC achieved by the reaction between the deposited coating of C and the Ti matrix. Due to the strengthen effect of continuous-SiC f -reinforced Timatrix part, the tensile and the flexural strengths of the hybrid composite along the longitudinal direction of the fibers were about 636 ± 40 and 889 ± 50 MPa (Ti-intermetallic multi-layered part stressed in tension) or 984 ± 50 MPa (continuous-SiC f -reinforced Ti-matrix part stressed in tension), respectively. These values were much higher than those obtained from Ti-intermetallic multi-layered composite, corresponding to 404 ± 30 and 462 ± 30 MPa. In addition, the Ti-intermetallic multi-layered composite showed higher fracture toughness value (34.7 ± 1.2 MPa m 1/2 ) than that of continuous-SiC f -reinforced Ti-matrix composite (24.8 ± 0.1 MPa m 1/2 ). In drop hammer impact test, the hybrid composite exhibited better crack resistance and higher absorb energy when the U notch was in Ti-intermetallic multi-layered side, other than U notch in continuous-SiC f -reinforced Ti-matrix part. Herein, it is deduced that the hybrid composite combines the crack deflection ability of Ti-intermetallic multi-layered structure and strengthen effect of continuous SiC fibers.

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“…Furthermore, over millions of years to accommodate the natural environment to which they were exposed, a large number of biological systems evolve periodic cells with self-similar hierarchical microstructures. Similar to turtle's shell (Damiens et al, 2012), jellyfish mesogloeas (Zhu et al, 2012), wood (Stanzl-Tschegg et al, 2011;Wegst, 2011), and E. aspergillum sponge (Mayer, 2011), those hierarchical architectures are optimised or partially optimised and can achieve multi-functions with high toughness and efficiency. As we approach the limit of non-renewable natural resources, these properties are essential for the long-term sustainability of our habitat, and is becoming increasingly significant to human civilisations (Zhang et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%