Composition and genesis of ferromanganese deposits from the northern South China Sea

Zhong, Yi; Chen, Zhong; González, Francisco Javier; Hein, James R.; Zheng, Xiaoxu; Li, Gang; Luo, Yunjian; Mo, Aibin; Tian, Yuhang; Wang, Shuhong

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.02.015

Cited by 41 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…As manganese‐ and iron‐dependent AOM was experimentally evidenced in marine sediment (Beal et al ), it is possible that Fe/Mn might serve as an oxidant for AOM in our samples. Iron and manganese could be abundant in seep areas (Lemaitre et al ), and large amount of ferromanganese nodules has been recovered in the northern SCS slope (Zhang et al ; Zhong et al ). Furthermore, Scheller et al () found the artificial electron acceptors could decouple AOM from SR in microcosm experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemistry, microbial activity, and diversity in surface and subsurface deep‐sea sediments of South China Sea

Zhuang

Liu

Liang

et al. 2019

Limnology & Oceanography

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Deep‐sea environments are the largest ecosystem of the global biosphere and constitute a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles. We integrated biogeochemical and molecular ecological approaches to investigate microbial activity and diversity, with the goal of elucidating pathways and regulations of methane cycling and low molecular weight (LMW) compounds metabolism in different deep‐sea sediments of the South China Sea. We found that methanogenesis, anaerobic oxidation of methane, and sulfate reduction occurred concurrently with low rates in surface sediments of the Haima area (~ 50 cm push cores) and in subsurface sediments of the Shenhu area (~ 8 m piston core). In the presence of sulfate, methanogenesis was fueled by methylotrophic substrates, in agreement with thermodynamic calculations as well as the detection of the methylotrophic methanogenic genus Methanococcoides. Higher oxidation rates of LMW compounds than methanogenesis rates, suggested acetate, and to a lesser extent, methanol and methylamine, were predominantly utilized as an energy source by nonmethanogenic microorganisms (e.g., sulfate‐reducing bacteria). Diverse methanotrophic archaea (e.g., ANME‐1a/b and ANME‐2a/b) and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (e.g., Desulfarculaceae and Desulfobacteraceae) were observed and the abundance of mcrA and dsrA genes varied over depth and between sites. Dominant archaeal groups, such as Bathyarchaeota, Thermoplasmatale, Woesearchaeota, Lokiarchaeota, were consistently detected at both areas. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated sulfate was the most relevant environmental variable that correlated with the archaeal community composition. These results suggested that the presence of sulfate controlled methane cycling and LMW carbon metabolism pathways, and also affected the composition of the microbial community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemistry, microbial activity, and diversity in surface and subsurface deep‐sea sediments of South China Sea

Zhuang

Liu

Liang

et al. 2019

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…The highest rare earth element (REE) content is measured in the phosphate minerals, less in phyllosilicates and Na-phillipsite. The geochemical composition of minerals in the DHR crusts supports the formation of crusts by initial alteration, phosphatization and zeolitization of the substrate basalts followed by oscillatory Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides precipitation of hydrogenous vernadite (oxic conditions) and diagenous asbolane (suboxic conditions).Minerals 2019, 9, 84 2 of 33 hydrothermal fluids), the two major types of ferromanganese crusts are distinguished: (I) hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts; (II) hydrothermal crusts and encrustations (sometimes called stratabound manganese oxides) [15][16][17][18]. Hydrothermal crusts that precipitate directly from low temperature hydrothermal fluids (few tens of degrees up to 200 • C), usually grow significantly faster, even up to 1600-1800 mm/Ma [19].…”

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confidence: 81%

“…Hydrothermal crusts that precipitate directly from low temperature hydrothermal fluids (few tens of degrees up to 200 • C), usually grow significantly faster, even up to 1600-1800 mm/Ma [19]. Ferromanganese crusts in some locations form through a combination of fluid sources and thereby exhibit a mixed origin, primarily either hydrogenetic, diagenetic or hydrothermal-hydrogenetic [15,18,20,21].Co-rich ferromanganese crusts formation is dominated by hydrogenetic processes. The precipitation from bottom waters is extremely slow, with growth rates of 1-5 mm/Ma.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Minerals 2019, 9, 84 2 of 33 hydrothermal fluids), the two major types of ferromanganese crusts are distinguished: (I) hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts; (II) hydrothermal crusts and encrustations (sometimes called stratabound manganese oxides) [15][16][17][18]. Hydrothermal crusts that precipitate directly from low temperature hydrothermal fluids (few tens of degrees up to 200 • C), usually grow significantly faster, even up to 1600-1800 mm/Ma [19].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)

et al. 2019

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Mineralogy of phosphatized and zeolitized hydrogenous cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from Dirck Hartog Ridge (DHR), the Perth Abyssal Plain (PAP), formed on an altered basaltic substrate, is described. Detail studies of crusts were conducted using optical transmitted light microscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The major Fe-Mn mineral phases that form DHR crusts are low-crystalline vernadite, asbolane and a feroxyhyte-ferrihydrite mixture. Accessory minerals are Ca-hydroxyapatite, zeolites (Na-phillipsite, chabazite, heulandite-clinoptilolite), glauconite and several clay minerals (Fe-smectite, nontronite, celadonite) are identified in the basalt-crust border zone. The highest Ni, Cu and Co contents are observed in asbolane and Mn-(Fe) vernadite. There is significant enrichment of Ti in feroxyhyte−ferrihydrite and vernadite. The highest rare earth element (REE) content is measured in the phosphate minerals, less in phyllosilicates and Na-phillipsite. The geochemical composition of minerals in the DHR crusts supports the formation of crusts by initial alteration, phosphatization and zeolitization of the substrate basalts followed by oscillatory Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides precipitation of hydrogenous vernadite (oxic conditions) and diagenous asbolane (suboxic conditions).Minerals 2019, 9, 84 2 of 33 hydrothermal fluids), the two major types of ferromanganese crusts are distinguished: (I) hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts; (II) hydrothermal crusts and encrustations (sometimes called stratabound manganese oxides) [15][16][17][18]. Hydrothermal crusts that precipitate directly from low temperature hydrothermal fluids (few tens of degrees up to 200 • C), usually grow significantly faster, even up to 1600-1800 mm/Ma [19]. Ferromanganese crusts in some locations form through a combination of fluid sources and thereby exhibit a mixed origin, primarily either hydrogenetic, diagenetic or hydrothermal-hydrogenetic [15,18,20,21].Co-rich ferromanganese crusts formation is dominated by hydrogenetic processes. The precipitation from bottom waters is extremely slow, with growth rates of 1-5 mm/Ma. The thickest crusts occur in the depth interval between 800-2500 m and show the highest concentrations of critical metals [22]. Some authors limit this depth to the anoxic zone at approximate depths of 1000-1500 m. Below these depths, the thickness of crusts decrease [23][24][25].On the youngest rock outcrops, crusts form mainly patina-thin layers. Most crust surfaces are either botryoidal, smooth or rough, that form under conditions of strong bottom currents. In the thick crusts, 2 to 8 visible or macroscopic layers may be distinguished. The internal layers are usually black and massive, while outer parts are slightly lighter, laminated and more porous [13]. However, crusts with four major layers of oxide layers have been found. The outer-and innermost are massive and show light colors, whereas the...

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“…The major areas of ferromanganese concretions have been concluded to be found on the fringes of seafloor depressions (Glasby et al, 1997), with only scattered occurrences in shallower areas above 40 m depth (Zhamoida et al, 2007). While mineral concretions are known to exist in many parts of coastal sea areas, e.g., in the Black Sea (Baturin, 2010) north-east Atlantic Ocean (González et al, 2010), South China Sea (Zhong et al, 2017), and Kara Sea (Vereshchagin et al, 2019), and the processes affecting their formation have been intensively studied (Ingri, 1985b;Baturin, 2010;González et al, 2010), specific information on their abundance and spatial coverage is still lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive Coverage of Marine Mineral Concretions Revealed in Shallow Shelf Sea Areas

et al. 2019

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Ferromanganese (FeMn) concretions are mineral precipitates found on soft sediment seafloors both in the deep sea and coastal sea areas. These mineral deposits potentially form a three-dimensional habitat for marine organisms, and contain minerals targeted by an emerging seabed mining industry. While FeMn concretions are known to occur abundantly in coastal sea areas, specific information on their spatial distribution and significance for marine ecosystems is lacking. Here, we examine the distribution of FeMn concretions in Finnish marine areas. Drawing on an extensive dataset of 140,000 sites visited by the Finnish Inventory Programme for the Underwater Marine Environment (VELMU), we examine the occurrence of FeMn concretions from seabed mapping, and use spatial modeling techniques to estimate the potential coverage of FeMn concretions. Using seafloor characteristics and hydrographical conditions as predictor variables, we demonstrate that the extent of seafloors covered by concretions in the northern Baltic Sea is larger than anticipated, as concretions were found at ∼7000 sites, and were projected to occur on over 11% of the Finnish sea areas. These results provide new insights into seafloor complexity in coastal sea areas, and further enable examining the ecological role and resource potential of seabed mineral concretions.

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Composition and genesis of ferromanganese deposits from the northern South China Sea

Cited by 41 publications

References 125 publications

Biogeochemistry, microbial activity, and diversity in surface and subsurface deep‐sea sediments of South China Sea

Biogeochemistry, microbial activity, and diversity in surface and subsurface deep‐sea sediments of South China Sea

Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)

Extensive Coverage of Marine Mineral Concretions Revealed in Shallow Shelf Sea Areas

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