Complex Regulation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 in the Basomedial Hypothalamus by Leptin and Nutritional Status

Villanueva, Eneida C.; Münzberg, Heike; Cota, Daniela; Leshan, Rebecca L.; Kopp, Keely; Ishida-Takahashi, Ryoko; Jones, Justin C.; Fingar, Diane C.; Seeley, Randy J.; Myers, Martin G.

doi:10.1210/en.2009-0642

Cited by 76 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Phosphorylation of S6, a downstream component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, was increased in the mutant mice ( Fig. S8C), consistent with the notion that pS6 signals positively correlate with AgRP neuronal activity (34). In contrast, Agrp and Npy expression were not significantly altered (Fig.…”

Section: Expression Of Socs3 In Agrp Neurons Is Dynamically Modulated Insupporting

confidence: 83%

Modulation of AgRP-neuronal function by SOCS3 as an initiating event in diet-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance

Olofsson

Unger

Cheung

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

122

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chronic consumption of a fat-rich diet leads to attenuation of leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons, a hallmark feature of cellular leptin resistance. To date, little is known about the temporal and spatial dysregulation of neuronal function under conditions of nutrient excess. We show that agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons precede proopiomelanocortin neurons in developing diet-induced cellular leptin resistance. High-fat diet-induced up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) occurs in AgRP neurons before proopiomelanocortin and other hypothalamic neurons. SOCS3 expression in AgRP neurons increases after 2 d of high-fat feeding, but reduces after switching to a low-fat diet for 1 d. Consistently, transgenic overexpression of SOCS3 in AgRP neurons produces metabolic phenotypes resembling those observed after short-term high-fat feeding. We further show that AgRP neurons are the predominant cell type situated outside the blood-brain barrier in the mediobasal hypothalamus. AgRP neurons are more responsive to low levels of circulating leptin, but they are also more prone to development of leptin resistance in response to a small increase in blood leptin concentrations. Collectively, these results suggest that AgRP neurons are able to sense slight changes in plasma metabolic signals, allowing them to serve as first-line responders to fluctuation of energy intake. Furthermore, modulation of SOCS3 expression in AgRP neurons may play a dynamic and physiological role in metabolic fine tuning in response to short-term changes of nutritional status.M ost common forms of obesity, including diet-induced obesity, are associated with hyperleptinemia and impairment of leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons, the hallmark feature of cellular leptin resistance. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), a direct transcriptional product of STAT3, is up-regulated in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese animals (1, 2). Mice with heterozygous mutation of the Socs3 gene, neuronal, or proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-specific deletion of the Socs3 gene are hypersensitive to leptin and resistant to diet-induced obesity (3-5). Conversely, up-regulation of SOCS3 in POMC neurons of chow-fed mice leads to increased body adiposity (6). In addition, wide-spread up-regulation of SOCS3 has been shown to be associated with neuronal inflammation in diet-induced obese animals (7). Thus SOCS3, which is up-regulated in chronic obesity, is commonly thought to play a pathophysiological role in obesity-associated leptin resistance.Multiple neuronal subtypes in several regions of the hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamic area, have been implicated in the regulation of energy balance and leptin action (8,9). A number of hypothalamic neurons and extrahypothalamic neurons express functional leptin receptor (10, 11). Among these neurons, POMC and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons are two key arcuate neuronal subtypes. POMC and AgRP neu...

show abstract

Section: Expression Of Socs3 In Agrp Neurons Is Dynamically Modulated Insupporting

confidence: 83%

Modulation of AgRP-neuronal function by SOCS3 as an initiating event in diet-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance

Olofsson

Unger

Cheung

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

122

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The activation of mTOR in the hypothalamus has been related to anorexia [22,34,36,37]. However, mice with a TSC1 deficiency in the hypothalamus and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, which promotes mTOR activation, develop an orexigenic response [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAS Kinase Is a Nutrient and Energy Sensor in Hypothalamic Areas Required for the Normal Function of AMPK and mTOR/S6K1

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The complications caused by overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes are one of the main problems that increase morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Hypothalamic metabolic sensors play an important role in the control of feeding and energy homeostasis. PAS kinase (PASK) is a nutrient sensor proposed as a regulator of glucose metabolism and cellular energy. The role of PASK might be similar to other known metabolic sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). PASK-deficient mice resist diet-induced obesity.We have recently reported that AMPK and mTOR/S6K1 pathways are regulated in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus in response to nutritional states, being modulated by anorexigenic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/exendin-4 in lean and obese rats. We identified PASK in hypothalamic areas, and its expression was regulated under fasting/refeeding conditions and modulated by exendin-4. Furthermore, PASK-deficient mice have an impaired activation response of AMPK and mTOR/S6K1 pathways. Thus, hypothalamic AMPK and S6K1 were highly activated under fasted/re-fed conditions. Additionally, in this study, we have observed that the exendin-4 regulatory effect in the activity of metabolic sensors was lost in PASK-deficient mice, and the anorexigenic properties of exendin-4 were significantly reduced, suggesting that PASK could be a mediator in the GLP-1 signalling pathway. Our data indicated that the PASK function could be critical for preserving the nutrient effect on AMPK and mTOR/S6K1 pathways and maintain the regulatory role of exendin-4 in food intake. Some of the antidiabetogenic effects of exendin-4 might be modulated through these processes. Abstract The complications caused by overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes are one of the main problems that increase morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Hypothalamic metabolic sensors play an important role in the control of feeding and energy homeostasis. PAS kinase (PASK) is a nutrient sensor proposed as a regulator of glucose metabolism and cellular energy. The role of PASK might be similar to other known metabolic sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). PASK-deficient mice resist diet-induced obesity. We have recently reported that AMPK and mTOR/S6K1 pathways are regulated in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus in response to nutritional states, being modulated by anorexigenic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/exendin-4 in lean and obese rats. We identified PASK in hypothalamic areas, and its expression was regulated under fasting/refeeding conditions and modulated by exendin-4. Furthermore, PASK-deficient mice have an impaired activation response of AMPK and mTOR/S6K1 pathways. Thus, hypothalamic AMPK and S6K1 were highly activated under fasted/re-fed conditions. Additionally, in this study, we have observed that the exendin-4 regulatory effect in the activity of metabolic sensors was lost in PASK-deficient mice, and th...

show abstract

“…Of note, nutrient-activated hypothalamic mTORC1 signaling is neuron-or area-specific. S6K phosphorylation is increased in the ARC, particularly in the AgRP neurons, but is suppressed in the VMH under fasting or in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (58,77). In addition, refeeding markedly decreases mTORC1 activity in VMH and LH in both lean and obese rats (25), suggesting that hypothalmic mTORC1 activation is neuron type and context dependent.…”

Section: Mtorc1 Signaling In the Hypothalamusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to its action in the peripheral tissues, mTORC1 acts as a sensor of energy status in the hypothalamus (13,58,77). Fasting and refeeding reduces and increases, respectively, phosphorylation of mTORC1, S6K1, and S6 in the medialbasal hypothalamus (MBH), including the ARC and the VMH in rats (13), suggesting that hypothalamic mTORC1 activity is closely associated with the energy status of the animals.…”

Section: Mtorc1 Signaling In the Hypothalamusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic roles of mTOR complex I: integration of nutrient and hormone signals to regulate energy homeostasis

Liu

2016

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

-Mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses nutrient, energy, and hormone signals to regulate metabolism and energy homeostasis. mTOR activity in the hypothalamus, which is associated with changes in energy status, plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. mTOR integrates signals from a variety of "energy balancing" hormones such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, although its action varies in response to these distinct hormonal stimuli as well as across different neuronal populations. In this review, we summarize and highlight recent findings regarding the functional roles of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in the hypothalamus specifically in its regulation of body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose/lipid homeostasis. Understanding the role and underlying mechanisms behind mTOR-related signaling in the brain will undoubtedly pave new avenues for future therapeutics and interventions that can combat obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. mTOR; hypothalamus; hormones; nutrients; energy homeostasis BALANCED FOOD INTAKE and energy expenditure are key to maintaining energy homeostasis, whereas impaired regulation of this balance leads to excessive weight gain and obesity. Food intake and energy expenditure are primarily controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), especially the hypothalamus, which acts as a key signaling hub linking CNS action to peripheral organ metabolism. Along with other nutrient sensors in different brain areas, the hypothalamus senses and integrates changes in circulating hormone and nutrient levels by relaying these peripheral signals to neuroendocrine cells, which signal behavioral and metabolic effectors to regulate whole body energy homeostasis (6,53,57,82).Extensive studies have been performed to explore the unique roles and distinct actions of several anatomically well-defined hypothalamic areas in the regulation of energy balance, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH), dorsomedial (DMH), paraventricular (PVH), and lateral (LH) hypothalamus (74, 99). In the ARC, hormone and nutrient signals from the periphery induce activity changes of two subpopulations of neurons: an orexigenic population coexpressing the neurotransmitters neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and an anorexigenic population coexpressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Numerous studies have demonstrated that POMC/CART and AgRP/NPY neurons have direct synaptic connections with some neuronal populations located in the VMH, DMH, PVH, and LH, all of which have profound effects on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis (82).Leptin and insulin are two important hormonal regulators of peripheral energy homeostasis, which play critical roles in mediating CNS-controlled glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by acting on the hypothalamus. Both the insulin and leptin receptors are widely expressed in the ARC, VMH, DMH, LH, and PVH, and together or independently these two ...

show abstract

Complex Regulation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 in the Basomedial Hypothalamus by Leptin and Nutritional Status

Cited by 76 publications

References 44 publications

Modulation of AgRP-neuronal function by SOCS3 as an initiating event in diet-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance

Modulation of AgRP-neuronal function by SOCS3 as an initiating event in diet-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance

PAS Kinase Is a Nutrient and Energy Sensor in Hypothalamic Areas Required for the Normal Function of AMPK and mTOR/S6K1

Hypothalamic roles of mTOR complex I: integration of nutrient and hormone signals to regulate energy homeostasis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About