Comparison Performances of Hybrid Sonocatalysis and Sonophotocatalysis on the Elimination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Water: Mineralization and Economic Analysis

Abstract

This study compares the removal performances of sonocatalysis (SC) coupled with commercially available titanium dioxide (TiO 2 , P25) and combined sonophotocatalysis (SPC) with H 2 O 2 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in aqueous media in batch experiments. A SC process (US/TiO 2 ) with 75 mg/L 2,4-D obtained 65.58 ±0.42% degradation, 7.84 ±1.3% mineralization, and 15.86 ±0.39% oxidation at a pH of 2, and a temperature of 35±1ºC under optimum conditions after 360 minutes, whereas 82.24±2.91% degradation, 44.50 ±0.11% mineralization, and 55.11±0.35% oxidation were obtained after 360 minutes with SPC (US/UVA/TiO 2 -H 2 O 2 ), with the addition of an optimum 250 mg/L of H 2 O 2 . The synergistic index was calculated as 1.77 that indicated the positive effect of the combined system on degradation efficiency when compared with the individual processes. Total costs were obtained as 5072 USD/kg for SC and 4135 USD/kg for SPC, showing the cost efficiency of the hybrid SPC process in comparison to the SC process. The obtained results confirmed that the hybrid SPC process was more effective than the SC process in degrading and mineralizing 2,4-D for removal. Operation time was shorter, energy consumption was lower, and operation cost was lower when compared to the SC process.

Integrated Hydrogen Peroxide, Sono, and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Technologies: A Novel Technique for Ammonia and Phosphorus Removal in Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

“…A photo-reactor was installed in an ultrasonic bath tank (Bandelin DT 106) with a capacity of 5.6 L (operating volume, 200 mL). The tank dimensions were D = 240 mm and L = 125 mm, with an operating frequency of 35 kHz (120 W, 220 V), and an external generator (Dogdu & Sen, 2022;Dikmen et al, 2022). A diffuser from which compressed air was bubbled into the solution maintained the air flow, and was adjusted to 3.5 L/min.…”