Comparison of the Potency of Several Fluoride-Based Varnishes as an Anticariogenic on Calcium, Phosphate, and Fluoride Ion Levels

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this present study was to analyze several fluoride-based varnishes: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF), nanosilver fluoride (NSF), and propolis fluoride (PPF). Fluoride-based varnish is proven to act as antibacterial and remineralization agents that arrested caries progression with minimal side effects. SDF, the golden standard for this study, was compared to NSF and PPF, which were made in our own laboratory, to evaluate their ability to release calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and act as anticariogenic agents.Methods: Human dentin discs were prepared and divided into control groups and treatment groups with SDF (38%), NSF (3.16%, 3.66%, and 4.16%), and PPF (3%, 6%, and 10%). The dentin discs were demineralized using a demineralization solution (pH 4.4) for 96 h. Each dentin disc in the treatment group received a topical application of various fluoride-based varnishes and then was subjected to pH-cycling for 8 days. The quantity of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions on the dentin discs surface was compared after being detected using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results:The result revealed that the calcium ion levels in groups NSF and PPF increased significantly compared to SDF. The levels of phosphate ions and fluoride ions in groups NSF and PPF increased significantly compared to SDF. Conclusion:The study concluded that, in contrast to SDF, the prepared NSF and PPF fluoride-based varnishes were shown to release calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions in this study. Hence, NSF and PPF fluoride-based varnishes are promising as anticariogenic agents.

Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Propolis Fluoride Varnish Application on Dentin Within 60 Days

“…This result is presumably caused by differences in the fluoride ion concentrations of both varnishes. These results are in accordance with previous studies, which reported that the fluoride ion concentrations in SDF were 52,800 ppm, whereas the fluoride ion concentrations in PPF were 21,390 ppm [14]. Another study reported that there was a 1.85 point difference in the mean value of dentin hardness post-application of PPF varnish and SDF varnish, and a 1.2 point difference post-application of PPF varnish and nanosilver fluoride [15].…”

Therapeutic Use of Silver Nanoparticles in the Prevention and Arrest of Dental Caries

“…SDF has been used as a gold standard in several investigations [ 23 – 25 , 52 – 59 ] in different concentrations in deciduous teeth with a high risk of active caries [ 20 , 59 , 60 ], effectively preventing and controlling them [ 23 , 24 , 57 , 61 – 63 ]. However, it has shown adverse effects, such as causing ulcerations and staining in oral mucosa [ 64 ] that are painful due to accidental contact with the solution [ 20 , 65 ], which may disappear within 48 hours [ 21 , 65 ] and the black staining of carious tissue [ 65 – 67 ] due to the oxidation process of the ionic silver contained in its formulation [ 4 , 68 ]; however, as previously demonstrated, the use of a cariostatic agent with silver nanoparticles does not cause darkening in demineralized teeth [ 46 – 48 , 51 ]. Besides, practically all studies have demonstrated the anticariogenic and remineralizing effect of silver nanoparticles alone [ 45 ] and in combination with various components, being superior to conventional treatments [ 48 – 51 ] such as silver diamine fluoride when applied once a year, with the advantage of not staining black dental tissue, the reason being they do not form oxides when in contact with oxygen in the environment, no metallic taste, and lower cost compared to SDF [ 4 , 51 ].…”

“…The amount of calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions on the dentine discs surface was compared by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the levels of calcium ions, phosphate, and fluoride in the NSF and PPF groups increased significantly compared to SDF [ 48 ]. According to the previous results and with the same procedures, fluorapatite crystals were found on the dentine surface in the SDF and NSF, as well as greater hardness and increased intensity and quality of apatite crystal compounds [ 49 ]; on the other hand, the use of optical coherence tomography images showed a greater remineralization effect of NSF compared to sodium fluoride (NaF) in deciduous teeth [ 50 ].…”

The Effects of Propolis Honey Candy Consumption on Myeloperoxidase Activity in Stimulated Saliva

“…Propolis has been studied for almost a decade in order to find alternative medications for fighting caries. Recently, several studies have shown promising alternative propolis combinations, such as anticariogenic agents [19,20]. However, further studies should be performed in order to investigate other properties of propolis to fight caries.…”