Carbon nanoparticles, which include nanodiamonds (ND), are used in a number of technological and medical applications. The influence of ND on the mechanisms and regulation of the degradation of xenobiotics in bioremediation technologies and in particular the biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons, however, remains unexplored. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of ND on the biodegradation of phenol in model conditions. The process of degradation was realized with a microbial culture of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from contaminated sediments. It was found that ND had a stimulating effect on the initial phase of biodegradation of phenol. ND led to an increase in all important parameters of biological detoxification-rate of phenol biodegradation by 154.86%, effectiveness of phenol detoxification by 151.15%. The stimulating effect was also found with regard to the enzyme activity of key oxygenases responsible for the complete degradation of phenol-phenol 2-monooxygenase, catechol-1,2-dioxygenase, catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. The study has proved that nanodiamonds can be used as a potential nanoregulator of detoxification and biodegradation processes.