Comparison of semiquantitative chest CT scoring systems to estimate severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia

Abstract

Objectives To compare the clinical usefulness among three different semiquantitative computed tomography (CT) severity scoring systems for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Methods Two radiologists independently reviewed chest CT images in 108 patients to rate three CT scoring systems (total CT score [TSS], chest CT score [CCTS], and CT severity score [CTSS]). We made a minor modification to CTSS. Quantitative dense area ratio (QDAR: the ratio of lung involvement to lung parenchyma) was calculated using the U-net model. Clinical severity at admission was classified as severe ( n = 14) or mild ( n = 94). Interobserver agreement, interpretation time, and degree of correlation with clinical severity as well as QDAR were evaluated. Results Interobserver agreement was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.952–0.970, p < 0.001). Mean interpretation time was significantly longer in CTSS (48.9–80.0 s) than in TSS (25.7–41.7 s, p < 0.001) and CCTS (27.7–39.5 s, p < 0.001). Area under the curve for differentiating clinical severity at admission was 0.855–0.842 in TSS, 0.853–0.850 in CCTS, and 0.853–0.836 in CTSS. All scoring systems correlated with QDAR in the order of CCTS ( ρ = 0.443–0.448), TSS ( ρ = 0.435–0.437), and CTSS ( ρ = 0.415–0.426). Conclusions All semiquantitative scoring systems demonstrated substantial diagnostic performance for clinical severity at admission with excellent interobserver agreement. Interpretation time was significantly shorter in TSS and CCTS than in CTSS. The correlation between the scoring system and QDAR was highest in CCTS, followed by TSS and CTSS. CCTS appeared to be the most appropriate CT scoring system for clinical practice. Key Points • Three semiquantitative scoring systems demonstrate substantial accuracy (area under the curve: 0.836–0.855) for diagnosing clinical severity at admission and (area under the curve: 0.786–0.802) for risk of developing critical illness. • Total CT score (TSS) and chest CT score (CCTS) were considered to be more appropriate in terms of clinical usefulness as compared with CT severity score (CTSS), given the shorter interpretation time in TSS and CCTS, and the lowest correlation with quantitative dense area ratio in CTSS. • CCTS is assumed to distinguish subtle from mild lung involvement better than TSS by adopting a 5% threshold in scoring the degree of severity.

Association of subpleural ground-glass opacities with respiratory failure and RNAemia in COVID-19

“…According to a previous study conducted in the early phase of the pandemic, the typical appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT was mainly reported as ground-glass opacities (GGOs) [ 3 ], and several studies have shown that the extent and density of pulmonary inflammatory lesions, predominantly GGOs, are associated with poor prognosis of COVID-19 [ 4 – 9 ]. Semi-quantitative scoring systems based on measurement of the volume of lung segment affected have been established as a reliable approach to predict the clinical severity of COVID-19 [ 6 , 10 – 12 ]. The appearance of GGOs, a key radiological manifestation of COVID-19, reflects pulmonary edema and hyaline membrane formation induced by inflammation from SARS-CoV-2 [ 13 ].…”

Assessment of COVID-19 lung involvement on computed tomography by deep-learning-, threshold-, and human reader-based approaches—an international, multi-center comparative study

“…Lastly, we did not obtain detailed clinical data about the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia in our study population. Nonetheless, the CCS is an established imaging biomarker for severity of COVID-19 pneumonia, and has been suggested a surrogate parameter for the clinical course of the disease by several authors ( 44 , 45 ).…”

Application of the advanced lung cancer inflammation index for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: Combined risk prediction model with lung cancer inflammation index, computed tomography and chest radiograph

“…1 ) ( 23 ). We used the CCTS as it has been demonstrated to show the best performance among the three semiquantitative CT scoring systems, namely, CCTS ( 23 ), total CT score ( 24 ), and CT severity score ( 25 , 26 ). The radiologist reviewed the chest CTs with the lung window setting and evaluated the extent of disease involvement using a five-point scale (0: 0%, 1: 0-4%, 2: 5-25%, 3: 26-49%, 4: 50-75%, and 5: 76-100%) for five lung lobes.…”