Comparison of hydrodynamic voltammetry implemented by sonication to a rotating disk electrode

Abstract

Voltammetric and amperometric experiments conducted during continuous sonication with a Ti immersion macrotip (1 cm2 area) positioned parallel to Pt working electrode surfaces are described. The effects of concentration, electrode area, temperature, kinematic viscosity, amplitude of vibration of the Ti sonicator tip, cell geometry and voltage scan rate on limiting currents are considered and compared to analogous measurements made at a rotating disk electrode. It is found that steadystate voltammograms may be obtained during sonication at scan rates up to 25 V/s. Hydrodynamic conditions are described in terms of the effective rotation rate which would be needed in rotating disk voltammetry to achieve similar transport rates. A procedure for performing sonovoltammetry in a cell geometry-independent manner to probe the chemical effects of acoustic cavitation is discussed.

Electrodeposition of copper in the presence of an acoustically excited gas bubble

“…The use of sound energy to enhance electrochemical processes is well known, see for example [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, in the all these examples, the enhancement is generated through the use of high-intensity ultrasound.…”

Electrodeposition of PbO2 on glassy carbon electrodes: influence of ultrasound power

“…High intensity ultrasonic irradiation generates different chemical and physical effects that can produce important modifications in electrochemical processes. Thus physical effects, such as mass transport enhancement [24] and surface cleaning [25], as well as chemical effects such as formation of radicals OH · and H · due to sonolysis of water [26] have been reported in the literature.…”

Aplicação do ultra-som em sistemas eletroquímicos: considerações teóricas e experimentais

“…A aplicação do ultrasom a uma solução pode aumentar drasticamente o transporte do material eletroativo à superfície eletródica. Muitos autores têm se dedicado a desenvolver descrições quantitativas e à identificação dos processos físicos envolvidos 18,19,[61][62][63][64] . Na Figura 2a estão apresentados voltamogramas cíclicos típicos da reação do par reversí-vel Fe(CN) 6 4-/3-sobre um eletrodo de DDB em meio de KCl 0,1 mol L -1 na ausência (I) e na presença do ultra-som (II).…”