Comparison of current methods used to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools

Ahmed, Shahira A.; Karanis, Panagiotis

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.04.006

Cited by 48 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…The Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is designated as a supplementary concentration step that separate the Cryptosporidium spp oocysts in water samples however, due to a high cost this assay is not generally used in diagnostic laboratories for stools samples. IMS have been used with environmental samples to separate the oocysts from food, water and soil samples [16]. The molecular technique such as PCR for the laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis exhibits an outstanding specificity and sensitivity in the detection and identification of these parasites at specie level [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Khan¹,

Shams²,

Khan³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundCryptosporidium spp are important intestinal protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans, domestic and wild animals. Its infection remains a main public health concern however, the epidemics in human being is still unclear, particularly in developing countries. There are several factors that may enhance the spreading of this parasite in human population especially in young children.MethodologyA questionnaire was designed to obtain the demographic and clinical data from the participants. A total of 425 stool samples were collected from suspected children (aged 3–10 years) in different hospitals and villages. The initial screening was performed with modified Ziehl Neelsen (mZN) staining technique followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Several potential risk factors were also assessed through the obtained information from suspected individuals.ResultsOut of all 425 collected samples, 127 were observed positive by mZN with a prevalence of 29.88% (127/425). The 127 mZN positive samples together with 50 mZN negative samples were processed for molecular analysis through PCR assay. Among them, 71 out of 127 mZN positive samples and 4 out of 50 mZN negative samples were found positive by PCR. The molecular analysis showed that Cryptosporidium parvum was the main cause of infection in children. The results revealed that individuals exposed to diarrhea were more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium infection while several environmental factors may also play a key role in spreading of this parasite.Conclusions/Significance of the studyThe current high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection may be due to the lack of awareness and routine based testing in identification of this parasite in District Buner. Further studies are required to determine the importance of Cryptosporidium infection in this area as well as across the country and to find out the possible risk factors that may be associated with the occurrence of this protozoan. There is, however, an urgent need for laboratory-based observational studies to develop a more dynamic estimate of the cryptosporidial disease burden in the region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Khan¹,

Shams²,

Khan³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Moreover, well-trained and experienced laboratory officers will be needed, and the examination process requires a longer time. 57 At early stage of infection when the oocysts have not been released in large quantities in the feces, the microscopic examination tends to be negative. Furthermore, the oocysts will be released intermittently with varied amount day by day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Infection Increases the Risk for Chronic Diarrhea Among People Living With HIV in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Utami

Murhandarwati

Artama

et al. 2020

Asia Pac J Public Health

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We conducted a systematic review research and meta-analysis to reveal the relationship between the risk of chronic diarrhea and Cryptosporidium infection in people living with HIV in Southeast Asia. We performed online peer-reviewed literature research from January 2005 to December 2017, which included PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Calculation of size effects in the meta-analysis was performed by STATA 13.0 software to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for any associations. Seven cross-sectional research articles were recruited in this study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed a significant relationship between cryptosporidiosis and the risk of chronic diarrhea in people living with HIV, with RR = 1.325; 95% CI = 1.157 to 1.517; and P < .000. Our results suggested that cryptosporidiosis increases the risk of chronic diarrhea, and low CD4+ lymphocyte cell counts aggravate the degree of diarrhea. Therefore, clinicians should be more aware in treating HIV-positive people, especially those with low CD4+ cell counts, and we suggest that Cryptosporidium laboratory examinations be conducted immediately.

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“…The majority of them are based on the use of staining methods; however, occasionally confirmation of staining is combined with other sensitive methods like immune tests and PCR to make diagnosis (Table 1). The diagnostic method of choice for the detection and identification of Cryptosporidium usually varies according to the investigator's goal as well as the available facilities and resources to make the diagnosis [90].…”

Section: Burden Of Cryptosporidium In the Gcc Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR methods are well established techniques that are used to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in samples with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity over traditional staining methods. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is known to be the most accurate amongst the PCR methods due to a decreased risk of sample contamination; early reporting of results, particularly during outbreak investigations; and with the detection and quantitation of the target nucleotide sequences down to one or a few copies per samples [90]. The majority of the GCC studies used PCR-RFLP to detect Cryptosporidium spp., probably due to the lower costs associated with this highly accurate technique.…”

Section: Burden Of Cryptosporidium In the Gcc Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries

Ahmed

Karanis

2020

IJERPH

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The present review discusses the burden of cryptosporidiosis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is underreported and underestimated. It emphasizes that the Cryptosporidium parasite is infecting inhabitants and expatriates in the Gulf countries. Children under 5 years are a vulnerable group that is particularly affected by this parasitic disease and can act as carriers, who contribute to the epidemiology of the disease most probably via recreational swimming pools. Various risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in the GCC countries are present, including expatriates, predisposing populations to the infection. Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries’ populations.

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Comparison of current methods used to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools

Cited by 48 publications

References 202 publications

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan

Cryptosporidium Infection Increases the Risk for Chronic Diarrhea Among People Living With HIV in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries

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