“…Then, a trained classifier can predict the class of new instances. In recent years, the field of medicine has focused on applying ML-based methods to analyze MS data due to their potential to analyze complex data and the ability to identify biomarkers (Olate-Olave et al, 2021 ; Tapia-Castillo et al, 2021 ; López-Cortés et al, 2022 ; González et al, 2023 ). Specifically, MS coupled with ML techniques has been widely used in different areas, including health: (i) detection/diagnosis of diseases in humans (Drew et al, 2017 ), animals (López-Cortés et al, 2017 , 2019 ), among others; (ii) detection of pathogens such as bacteria (Bruyne et al, 2011 ; Didelot et al, 2012 ; Dematheis et al, 2022 ), fungi (Becker et al, 2014 ; Bolt et al, 2016 ); and most recently in (iii) AMR prediction (Florio et al, 2020 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Weis C. et al, 2020 ; Weis et al, 2022 ; Feucherolles et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ; Guerrero-López et al, 2023 ).…”