Comparison of cadmium extractability from soils by commonly used single extraction protocols

Meers, Erik; Laing, Gijs Du; Unamuno, Virginia; Ruttens, Ann; Vangronsveld, Jaco; Tack, Filip; Verloo, Marc

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.002

Cited by 162 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Hence, Cd in these soils remains potentially available for uptake by rice plants. The median reactive (measured by HNO 3 ) to total ratios for Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni are in close agreement with data from nonpolluted soils from the Netherlands and Belgium (Römkens et al 2004;Meers et al 2007). This suggests that the chemical processes controlling the reactivity or binding of Cd to the soil-solid phase are comparable regardless of the obvious differences between well-drained soils from moderate climate zones and paddy field soils from Taiwan.…”

Section: Reactive Metal Poolssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…All coefficients except the intercept are very similar to the ones listed in Table 5 of Cd in the CaCl 2 extracts to changes in pH, CEC, and even the total Cd content is similar in samples from paddy fields and soil samples used by Meers et al (2007). When applied to data from this study, the higher intercept derived by Meers et al (2007) results in an average overestimation of the directly available Cd pool by a factor of approximately 2.…”

Section: Directly Available Metal Pools and Solid-solution Partitionisupporting

confidence: 67%

“…All data were log-transformed (except for pH) prior to regression. An extended Freundlich equation was used to relate the directly available metal pool to the reactive metal pool, pH, and CEC (Römkens et al 2004;Ingwersen and Streck 2006;Meers et al 2007;Koopmans et al 2008a): SOM was not included in Eq. 1 because its contribution to the regression in addition to CEC appeared to be insignificant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reactive fraction represents sorbed metals reacting with binding sites located on surfaces of soil organic matter (SOM), amorphous metal oxides, and clay and is believed to control the metal concentration in the soil solution (Weng et al 2001;Tipping et al 2003). Adsorption-desorption equilibria between the reactive metal pool in the soil-solid phase and the metal concentration in soil solution have been described with empirical solid-solution partitioning models in which pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were included to account for differences between soils (Römkens et al 2004;Ingwersen and Streck 2006;Meers et al 2007;Koopmans et al 2008a). Various extracts are used to determine the size of the reactive metal pools including dilute acids like 0.43 M HNO 3 (Houba et al 1997;Weng et al 2001;Tipping et al 2003), 0.1 M HCl (Colombo and van den Berg 1998), and EDTA (Clayton and Tiller 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, our third aim is to derive solid-solution partitioning models for metals based on the 0.01 M CaCl 2 extracts. Dilute salt extracts and soil-solution partitioning models are used as practical tools in risk assessment studies in well-aerated soils (Peijnenburg et al 1999;Pueyo et al 2004;Schröder et al 2005;Meers et al 2007), but it is unclear if they are applicable for predicting the directly available metal pools in paddy fields as well which are characterized by a frequent shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions during the growing season. Shifting redox conditions can lead to a change in the directly available pool and our fourth aim, therefore, is to compare the size of the directly available pool at the two harvest times.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

et al. 2009

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Background, aim, and scope Ongoing industrialization has resulted in an accumulation of metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb in paddy fields across Southeast Asia. Risks of metals in soils depend on soil properties and the availability of metals in soil. At present, however, limited information is available on how to measure or predict the directly available fraction of metals in paddy soils. Here, the distribution of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb in 19 paddy fields among the total, reactive, and directly available pools was measured using recently developed concepts for aerated soils. Solid-solution partitioning models have been derived to predict the directly available metal pool. Such models are proven to be useful for risk assessment and to derive soil quality standards for aerated soils. , and directly available metal pools (0.01 M CaCl 2 ) were determined. Solid-solution partitioning models were derived by multiple linear regressions using an extended Freundlich equation using the reactive metal pool, pH, and the cation exchange capacity (CEC). The influence of Zn on metal partitioning and differences between both sampling events (May/November) were evaluated. Results Total metals contents range from background levels to levels in excess of current soil quality standards for arable land. Between 3% (Cr) and 30% (Cd) of all samples exceed present soil quality standards based on extraction with AR. Total metal levels decreased with an increasing distance from the irrigation water inlet. The reactive metal pool relative to the total metal content is increased in the order Cr << Ni = Zn < Pb < Cu < Cd and ranged from less than 10% for Cr to more than 70% for Cd. Despite frequent redox cycles, Cd, Pb, and Cu appear to remain rather reactive. The methods to determine the reactive metal pool in soils yield comparable results, although the 0.43 M HNO 3 extraction is slightly stronger than HCl and EDTA. The close correlation between these methods suggests that they release similar fractions from soils, probably those reversibly sorbed to soil organic matter (SOM) and clay. The average directly available pool ranged from less than 1% for Cu, Pb, and Cr to 10% for Ni, Zn, and Cd when compared to the reactive metal pool. For Cd, Ni, Zn, and to a lesser extent for Cu and Pb, solid-solution partitioning models were able to explain up to 93% (Cd) of the observed variation in the directly available metal pool. CaCl 2 extractable Zn increased the directly available pool for Ni, Cd, and Cu but not that of Pb and Cr. In the polluted soils, the directly available pool was higher in November compared to that in May. Differences in temperature, rainfall, and changes in soil properties such as pH are likely to contribute to the differences observed within the year. The solid-solution partitioning model failed to explain the variation in the directly available Cr pool, probably because Cr is present in precipitates rather than being adsorbed onto SOM and clay. Despite obvious differences in parent material, source of pollu...

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Section: Reactive Metal Poolssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Directly Available Metal Pools and Solid-solution Partitionisupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

et al. 2009

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Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils

Laing

2010

Trace Elements in Soils

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Soil‐solution speciation by MINEQL+4.6 model and plant uptake of Cd and Zn by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after application of different phosphate fertilizers

Mahdy

2012

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the immediate effect of application of mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), single superphosphate (SSP), and triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers containing varying concentrations of Cd on (1) chemical speciation of Cd and Zn in soil solution by chemical-equilibrium calculations (MINEQL+4.6 model), (2) growth of barley plants, (3) concentrations of Cd, P, and Zn in soil solution and plant tissue, as well as total plant accumulation of Cd, P, and Zn, and (4) monitoring pH and element changes during incubation periods following phosphate application. Results show that, in general, the pH of soil solution increased during the first 40 d of incubation, then declined. Also, at the end of incubation period, pH of soil solution was affected by fertilization source and fertilization rate. The concentration of Cd in soil solution changed with time. Phosphate fertilization (p < 0.05) or fertilizer source (p < 0.05) showed consistent effects. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizers with three rates significantly increased Zn concentrations in soil solution during the first half (0-30 d) of incubation period and then decreased but still more than in the control. In general, application of different sources of phosphate at 100 g kg -1 did not change the dominant forms of Cd in soil solution during all incubation time intervals. Speciation of Zn in the control after 30 d of incubation had changed, in comparison to 10 d of incubation, and the dominant forms were Zn 2+ , ZnOH + , ZnHCO 3 , ZnCO 3 (aq), and Zn(OH) 2 (aq). Adding phosphate fertilizer significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight compared to control, indicating P was a growth-limiting factor in the control plants. The Zn concentrations in shoot and root were lower in the TSP-and SSP-fertilizers treatment than those in the MAP and fertilizer treatments at all rates of fertilization. Adding phosphate increased the Cd : Zn and P : Zn ratios in the shoot and root tissue, with the effect being greater with increasing fertilization rate. Phosphate fertilization greatly increased the total accumulation of Cd of barley compared with the control plants (p < 0.001), with the effect being greater with increasing fertilization rate. Source and rate of fertilizers, and their interactions had significant effect (p < 0.05) on Cd accumulation in the whole plant.

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Comparison of cadmium extractability from soils by commonly used single extraction protocols

Cited by 162 publications

References 60 publications

Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils

Soil‐solution speciation by MINEQL+4.6 model and plant uptake of Cd and Zn by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after application of different phosphate fertilizers

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