Comparing Learning Outcomes in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and/or Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Training for Laypeople in Face-to-Face, Online, and Mixed Training Methods: An Integrative Literature Review

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases and cardiac arrest (CA) are the main causes of death worldwide. This review aims to identify publications on the learning outcomes for the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) and/or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to train laypeople (LP), the method of training used, the year of publication and their recommendations. We employed Miller's assessment pyramid to describe learning outcomes as knowledge, skills, and confidence. The methods of training are face-to-face, online, and mixed. The evidence found in this study will be used to support the development and validation of a simulationbased training program to teach LP to operate AEDs delivered by drones in rural and remote (R&R) locations. This article is an integrative literature review with a quantitative and qualitative research design and is composed of seven steps: research question, inclusion and exclusion criteria, search and selection of studies, the role of a second reviewer of the findings, data analysis, interpretation and discussion of the results, and finally knowledge synthesis. The results of this review demonstrate that there are no significant differences in the learning outcomes of the different training methods. Since these findings suggest good results in all methods, the development of a training program based on face-to-face, online, and mixed, especially for places with few resources such as R&R places, indicates all methods can be used as good practices to develop training programs.

Can drones be a solution for defibrillation and blood transfusions? A review on the impact of new technologies in emergency healthcare

“…Only a small percentage of people living in rural communities are able to get timely access high quality healthcare (30). Some researchers employed simulationbased programs to train laypersons on the operation of AEDs delivered by drones in rural and difficult regions (31).…”

Using the Evidence-Development-Validation-Consensus (EDVC) Approach to Develop and Validate maxSIMdrone: A Training Program for Healthcare Professionals to Provide Cardiac Arrest Care Using Drones

“…The participants' suggestions to include offline accessibility and reallife scenarios align with the principles of experiential learning [23][24]. By simulating authentic situations and providing hands-on experiences, the program caters to the needs of HCPs and LP operating AEDs in remote and rural areas [10].…”

“…For this purpose, the researchers conducted a literature review that revealed that mixed, face-to-face, and online training for AED use all yielded similar outcomes in terms of learning assessment, including selfconfidence, performance, skills, and knowledge acquisition for individuals with little or no prior experience with AEDs [10]. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that teaching HCPs and LP in R&R locations to use AEDs delivered by drones is a viable option.…”

“…It should focus on developing skills and knowledge in comprehension, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Additionally, it should address emotions, attitudes, physical skills, and coordination, involving perception, mechanism, complex open response, adaptation, and origination [8][9][10].…”

“…In the context of education, the availability of AEDs and the implementation of BLSD courses have contributed to standardizing and organizing medical care for CA [10]. It has been observed that the survival rate of CA patients significantly improves when defibrillation is performed within five minutes of the onset of the condition [13].…”