Comparative West Nile Virus Detection in Organs of Naturally Infected American Crows (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>)

Panella, Nicholas A.; Kerst, Amy J.; Lanciotti, Robert S.; Bryant, Patricia; Wolf, Bruce; Komar, Nicholas

doi:10.3201/eid0704.010430

Cited by 46 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…To date, this work has been restricted to naturally and experimentally infected American crows and experimentally infected blue jays. One study of naturally infected American crows used TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and plaque assay to compare WNV titers in six different tissues and found brain tis-sue to be the most sensitive target organ (Panella et al, 2001). A second study using TaqMan RT-PCR on tissues of naturally infected American crows found kidney, and secondarily brain, to be infected most consistently (Kramer and Bernard, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus Detection in the Organs of Naturally Infected Blue Jays (Cyanocitta Cristata)

Gibbs

Ellis

Mead

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) are an effective indicator species for West Nile virus (WNV) and may be regionally important in surveillance efforts. The sites of WNV replication and sensitivity of virus detection techniques are undefined for blue jays. The objectives of this study were to describe the gross and microscopic pathology associated with natural WNV infection in blue jays, as well as determine the most appropriate tissues to be used for virus isolation, reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Blue jays were collected in Georgia, USA, between May and September 2001. Initial screening by virus isolation indicated that 36 of 59 blue jays chosen for evaluation were WNV positive. From this group, 20 positive and five negative birds were chosen to compare virus detection techniques. Six positive and five negative birds were selected for histopathology examination. Splenomegaly and poor body condition were the most consistent gross findings among positive birds. The most consistent histopathologic findings in the tissues of WNV-positive blue jays were mononuclear leukocytosis and epicarditis/myocarditis. Brain, heart, and lung had the highest viral titers, and WNV antigen was most often detected by IHC in heart, kidney, liver, and lung. Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction proved to be the most sensitive diagnostic test applied in this study irrespective of the tissue type. Brain tissue could be used effectively for both virus isolation and RT-nPCR, and this tissue is simple to remove and process. The success of IHC is highly dependent on tissue selection, and the use of multiple tissues including heart, kidney, liver, or lung is recommended.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus Detection in the Organs of Naturally Infected Blue Jays (Cyanocitta Cristata)

Gibbs

Ellis

Mead

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Studies examining tissue tropism of WNV in corvids and noncorvids indicated that the kidney was the most consistently infected tissue in birds, regardless of the level of infection. 20,22 The brain was the next most consistently positive tissue. 20,22 As in crows, antigen was most commonly found in the kidneys of affected squirrels.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…13,20,22 In contrast, horses tend to exhibit moderate or even severe histologic lesions in the brain and spinal cord, but very minimal WNV antigen, if any, can be detected by IHC. 5,19 Commonly nested RT-PCR is required to confirm the diagnosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for WNV was performed on selected organs following a standard protocol using a rabbit-polyclonal anti-WNV antibody (BioReliance, Rockville, MD) at a concentration of 1 : 500. 5,20 Sections were stained on an automated stainer using a labeled streptavidin-immunoperoxidase staining procedure (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, CA). The immunoreaction was visualized with AEC (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, CA), and sections were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin and then dehydrated, cleared, and mounted.…”

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confidence: 99%

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West Nile Virus Infection in Eastern Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger)

Kiupel¹,

Simmons²,

Fitzgerald³

et al. 2003

Vet Pathol

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Abstract. Since the initial outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in the northeastern United States in 1999, the virus has rapidly spread westward and southward across the USA, causing high mortality in crows as well as sporadic mortality in horses, humans, and a wide variety of birds. In 2002 the epidemic widened as hundreds of equine and human cases and sporadic cases in other mammalian species were reported. This is the first report of WNV infection in three Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Neurologic signs included head tilt, uncoor-

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“…Oral and cloacal swab specimens are used in many surveillance programs. 10,17 However, these swab specimens may lead to aerosolization of the virus on retrieval of the sample. Detection of virus in epithelial tissue has been done successfully using IHC and ACE formats for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Antigen-Capture ELISA and Immunohistochemical Methods for Avian Surveillance of West Nile Virus

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Accurate detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in corvids is essential for monitoring the spread of virus during the mosquito season. Viremia in corvids is very high, with titers approaching 10 8 viral particles/ ml. In the presence of such marked viremia, the sensitivity of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis is unnecessary, and more cost-effective methods should be assessed. To this end, antigen-capture ELISA (ACE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were evaluated. Skin, cloacal swab specimens, and feathers from corvids were tested by use of ACE, and results were compared with results obtained from use of real-time RT-PCR analysis. Of the 3 sample types, skin gave the best sensitivity (98%) and specificity (100%). Skin, brain, kidney, and spleen from corvids were analyzed by IHC, and results were compared with real-time RT-PCR results. Kidney and spleen were more often positive by use of IHC than were brain and skin tissue; however, IHC did not perform as well as ACE in the identification of virus-positive birds. Results of this study support the use of a skin sample in an ACE format as an effective surveillance method for corvids.

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Comparative West Nile Virus Detection in Organs of Naturally Infected American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

Cited by 46 publications

References 4 publications

West Nile Virus Detection in the Organs of Naturally Infected Blue Jays (Cyanocitta Cristata)

West Nile Virus Detection in the Organs of Naturally Infected Blue Jays (Cyanocitta Cristata)

West Nile Virus Infection in Eastern Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger)

Evaluation of Antigen-Capture ELISA and Immunohistochemical Methods for Avian Surveillance of West Nile Virus

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