Comparative survey of three processes used for the extraction of total phenol content and total flavonoid content of Anacardium occidentale L. and the assessment of its antioxidant activity

Abstract

Three processes were used for the extraction of total phenol and total flavonoid contents of Anacardium occidentale L. and to determine its antioxidant activity. Whatever the extraction process was, the total flavonoid and total phenol contents were of the same order. With the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), 666.07 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry matter (DM) of total phenol content was obtained from the stem barks, 601.71 mg/100 g DM from the leaves and 69.18 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g DM from the nuts of cashew. With Soxhlet extraction, 605.47 mg GAE/100 g DM of total phenol content was obtained from the stem barks, 600.38 mg GAE/100 g DM from the leaves, 609.13 mg GAE/100 g DM from the nuts of cashew, then 67.13 mg QE/100 g DM of the total flavonoid content was obtained from the stem barks, 65.13 mg QE/100 g DM from the leaves and 61.75 mg QE/100 g DM from the nuts of cashew. Finally, with mechanical agitation, 608.52 mg GAE/100 g DM of total phenol content was obtained from the stem barks, 604.85 mg GAE/100 g DM from the leaves and 593.47 mg GAE/100 g DM from the nuts of cashew; 76.86 mg QE/100 g DM of total flavonoid content was obtained from the stem barks, 76.31 mg QE/100 g DM from the leaves and 70.39 mg QE/100 g DM from the nuts of cashew. The antioxidant tests revealed that MAE gave better anti-oxidant activity and more phenolic compounds.

Suitability of discarded cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale) meal as replacement of soybean meal (Glycine max) in the diet of juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

“…This could be attributed to the nutrient content of cashewnut, diet palatability and acceptability by fish. Cashewnuts have been reported to be highly nutritious and contain all the essential amino acids, vitamins and mineral elements (Sogunle et al, 2009;Madjitol-Betoloum et al, 2018). Akande et al (2015) reported significant increases in final weight and weight gain in chicken fed with full fat cashewnut meal based diet with reference to the control.…”

“…Cashew crop is indigenous to Brazil and was introduced to East and West Africa, India and Portuguese in the early 16 th century (Frankel, 1991). The crop is now widely cultivated and distributed worldwide (Akinhanmi et al, 2008, Madjitol-Betoloum et al, 2018. On the global scale, cashew is ranked the third most produced edible nut (Salomon et al,2018) and traded for its nutritional value (John et al,2017).…”

Phenolic profile, antioxidant and antifungal activity of extracts from four medicinal plants of the Anacardiaceae family

“…Another problem is the use of different reference standards and different extraction solvents. Literature data on the content of phenolic compounds of methanolic extract obtained by different methods of extraction from the bark of stem, leaves and cashew nuts of A. occidentale, presented a phenol range from 593.47± 0.05 to 660.07 ± 3.95 mg EAG/100g and flavonoids from 70.39 ± 0.06 to 81.17 ± 1.08 mg EQ/100g (Salomon et al, 2018).…”

Encapsulation by complex coacervation of total flavonoids and total phenols of methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardeaceae) obtained by microwave assisted extraction

“…Resorcinolic acid, ascorbic acid, carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxantin), vitamin C and phenols are also identified in cashew apples (Farid et al, 2014). The work of Madjitoloum et al (2018b) isolated two flavonoids: quercetin-3-O--D-glucopyranoside and Kempferol-3-O--D-glucopyranoside. The decoction and infusion of the leaves and bark of the trunk are used in pharmacopoeia to treat several diseases namely: High blood pressure, gastrointestinal ailments, ulcers, and sore throat (Jeansheng and Cheng, 2018).…”