Comparative Study on the Photostability of Arbutin and Deoxy Arbutin: Sensitivity to Ultraviolet Radiation and Enhanced Photostability by the Water-Soluble Sunscreen, Benzophenone-4

Inhibition of melanogenesis by Gaillardia aristata flower extract

“…Data are mean ± standard deviation. ## p < 0.01 compared with the vehicle-treated group, **p < 0.01 compared with the SCF-treated group (n = 3) possibility of kojic acid [9,10] and weak photostability of arbutin [25]. In this study, GAE showed good antimelanogenic activity similar to those of chemicals, and no adverse skin reactions including erythema, burning, or pruritus.…”

“…The extract at various concentrations (25,50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) was added to 200 μL of DPPH (100 μM) solution. DPPH reaction with an antioxidant capable of hydrogen ion donation reduces DPPH.…”

“…The ABTS radical cation (ABTS + ) was produced by reacting 7 mM stock solution of ABTS with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate and allowing the mixture to stand in the dark for at least 6 h before use. Absorbance at 734 nm was measured 30 min after the mixing of various concentrations of GAE (25,50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL) with 1 mL of ABTS + solution.…”

“…The FRAP reagent was produced by mixing 300 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 10 mM TPTZ solution, and 20 mM FeCl 3 ⋅6H 2 O in a 10 : 1 : 1 ration and was prepared freshly at 37°C. Different concentrations of GAE (25,50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) were individually mixed with FRAP reagent. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 min in dark.…”

“…1 The antioxidant properties of the effect of Gaillardia aristata flower extract (GAE). Radical scavenging activity was determined using different concentrations of GAE (25,50,100,200, and 500 μg/mL) or vitamin C and trolox by DPPH (a) and ABTS + (b). The effect of GAE was confirmed by measurement of reducing capacity (c) and total phenolic contents (d).…”