“…Interestingly, SigE regulates gene expression specifically during the post-exponential growth phase of Synechococcus species (Gruber and Bryant 1998). Thus, as a cell surface stressrelated transcription factor, SigE is important for bacterial growth and stress resistance, with diverse effects on cell sporulation (Shuler et al 1995;Wong et al 1995;AlHinai et al 2014;Casonato et al 2014;Kirk et al 2014), granuloma formation (Giacomini et al 2006), phagocytosis by macrophages (Ando et al 2003), cell wall integrity (Paget et al 1999), fatty acid metabolism (Manganelli et al 2001), carotenoid biosynthesis (Hakkila et al 2013), nitrogen starvation and sugar catabolism (Osanai et al 2005a), and responses to various stresses, including acid (Bansal et al 2017), oxidative (Bagchi and Ghosh 2006;Pacheco et al 2012), heat (Pettersson et al 2015), and salt (Koskinen et al 2016) stresses.…”