Comparative major oligosaccharides and lactose between Chinese human and animal milk

Wang, Yanfei; Zhou, Xin; Gong, Pimin; Chen, Yujie; Zhang, Feng; Liu, Ping; Zhang, Pingzhen; Wang, Xiqing; Zhang, Lanwei; Song, Li

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104727

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The results of this study support the WHO's recommendation to continue breastfeeding after the first six months of life by providing evidence that HMO levels in breast milk at 300-400 days postpartum account for 59% of the total levels in colostrum. Complementary foods added to an infant's diet from six months of age cannot replace the benefits of HMOs in breast milk, as there are no food sources containing oligosaccharides with the same diversity and abundance as HMOs in breast milk, although the structure of some oligosaccharides in the milk of non-human mammals is similar to HMOs [54]. For example, the levels of bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) are about 100 times lower than those of the HMOs in breast milk and contain few or no fucosylated oligosaccharides, and the proportion of sialylated oligosaccharides is about 70%, which is higher than the proportion of HMOs (12-14%) found in breast milk [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six Oligosaccharides’ Variation in Breast Milk: A Study in South China from 0 to 400 Days Postpartum

et al. 2021

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This study investigated the variation in oligosaccharide levels in the breast milk of south Chinese mothers in a prolonged breastfeeding period of up to 400 days postpartum. A total of 488 breast milk samples were collected from 335 healthy mothers at five different time points: 0–5 days, 10–15 days, 40–45 days, 200–240 days, and 300–400 days postpartum. A high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD) was used to quantify 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL) and 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL). In this study, we found six oligosaccharides that were present in breast milk from 0 to 400 days postpartum. The median value ranges of individual oligosaccharide components in this study were 1013–2891 mg/L 2′-FL, 193–1421 mg/L 3-FL, 314–1478 mg/L LNT, 44–255 mg/L LNnT, 111–241 mg/L 3′-SL, and 23–602 mg/L6′-SL. HMO levels decreased over the lactation periods, except for 3-FL, which increased throughout lactation. The predominant fucosylated and sialylated HMOs were 2′-FL and 6′-SL at 40–45 days postpartum and changed to 3-FL and 3′-SL at 200–240 days postpartum. Results from this study showed that lactating women continue to provide their offspring with a high level of 2′-FL one year after delivery, suggesting that 2′-FL may play an important role for infants in early life. Our findings also provide further evidence in support of breastfeeding after one-year postpartum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six Oligosaccharides’ Variation in Breast Milk: A Study in South China from 0 to 400 Days Postpartum

et al. 2021

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“… Data from three articles due to imprecise nomenclature not allowing a structure assignment [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Due to unreported sample size, four articles were excluded [ 54 , 56 , 57 ]. Due to unknown lactation period, one article was excluded [ 58 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mean of Milk: A Review of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations throughout Lactation

Soyyılmaz¹,

Mikš

Röhrig³

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are non-digestible and structurally diverse complex carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human milk. To date, more than 200 different HMO structures have been identified. Their concentrations in human milk vary according to various factors such as lactation period, mother’s genetic secretor status, and length of gestation (term or preterm). The objective of this review is to assess and rank HMO concentrations from healthy mothers throughout lactation at a global level. To this aim, published data from pooled (secretor and non-secretor) human milk samples were used. When samples were reported as secretor or non-secretor, means were converted to a pooled level, using the reported mean of approximately 80/20% secretor/non-secretor frequency in the global population. This approach provides an estimate of HMO concentrations in the milk of an average, healthy mother independent of secretor status. Mean concentrations of HMOs were extracted and categorized by pre-defined lactation periods of colostrum (0–5 days), transitional milk (6–14 days), mature milk (15–90 days), and late milk (>90 days). Further categorizations were made by gestational length at birth, mother’s ethnicity, and analytical methodology. Data were excluded if they were from preterm milk, unknown sample size and mothers with any known disease status. A total of 57 peer-reviewed articles reporting individual HMO concentrations published between 1996 and 2020 were included in the review. Pooled HMO means reported from 31 countries were analyzed. In addition to individual HMO concentrations, 12 articles reporting total HMO concentrations were also analyzed as a basis for relative HMO abundance. Total HMOs were found as 17.7 g/L in colostrum, 13.3 g/L in transitional milk, and 11.3 g/L in mature milk. The results show that HMO concentrations differ largely for each individual HMO and vary with lactation stages. For instance, while 2′-FL significantly decreased from colostrum (3.18 g/L ± 0.9) to late milk (1.64 g/L ± 0.67), 3-FL showed a significant increase from colostrum (0.37 g/L ± 0.1) to late milk (0.92 g/L ± 0.5). Although pooled human milk contains a diverse HMO profile with more than 200 structures identified, the top 10 individual HMOs make up over 70% of total HMO concentration. In mature pooled human milk, the top 15 HMOs in decreasing order of magnitude are 2′-FL, LNDFH-I (DFLNT), LNFP-I, LNFP-II, LNT, 3-FL, 6′-SL, DSLNT, LNnT, DFL (LDFT), FDS-LNH, LNFP-III, 3′-SL, LST c, and TF-LNH.

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“…Goat milk also contains 2′‐fucosylactose, 3′‐ and 6′‐galactosyllactose, 3′‐ and 6′‐sialyllactose, and lacto‐N‐neo‐tetraose (Dong, Zhou, & Mechref, 2016; Giorgio, Di Trana, & Claps, 2018; Kiskini & Difilippo, 2013; Leong et al., 2019; Martinez‐Ferez et al., 2006; Meyrand et al., 2013; Wang, Zhou et al, 2020). Goats that produce no αs1‐casein have similar total level of oligosaccharides, but slightly more fucosylated oligosaccharides in their milk than goats of the high‐αs1‐casein‐producing genotype (Meyrand et al., 2013).…”

Section: Composition Of Goat Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula

Prosser

2021

Journal of Food Science

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Goat milk has a long history of use for human nutrition. There are a number of studies investigating the technofunctional properties and nutritional value of goat milk for production of consumer products such as cheese, yoghurts, and Ultra‐high temperature (UHT) milks. Although fresh goat milk was traditionally used for feeding young children, use of goat milk for commercial production of formula for infants or young children has only been considered in the scientific literature since 2000s. In this review, the nutritional science relating to goat milk is discussed from the perspective of infant nutrition. A critical analysis of the scientific data concerning the composition and functional characteristics of goat milk that pertain to infant nutrition is included. From this overview, three key conclusions are possible: (1) there is a range of compositional data to support the application of goat milk for infants, provided it is fortified; (2) goat milk has the potential to influence the gastrointestinal environment differently to cow milk; and (3) the nutritional adequacy of fortified goat milk formula for newborn infants has been confirmed in clinical trials.

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Comparative major oligosaccharides and lactose between Chinese human and animal milk

Cited by 34 publications

References 55 publications

Six Oligosaccharides’ Variation in Breast Milk: A Study in South China from 0 to 400 Days Postpartum

Six Oligosaccharides’ Variation in Breast Milk: A Study in South China from 0 to 400 Days Postpartum

The Mean of Milk: A Review of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations throughout Lactation

Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula

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