Comparative Efficacy of BioUD to Other Commercially Available Arthropod Repellents against the Ticks Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis on Cotton Cloth

Abstract

Abstract. BioUD is an arthropod repellent that contains the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants. Repellency of BioUD was compared with five commercially available arthropod repellents against the ticks Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Dermacentor variabilis Say in two-choice bioassays on treated versus untreated cotton cheesecloth. Overall mean percentage repellency against both species was greatest for and did not differ significantly between BioUD (7.75% 2-undecanone) and products containing 98.1% DEET, 19.6% IR3535, and 30% oil of lemon eucalyptus. Products containing 5% and 15% Picaridin and 0.5% permethrin were also repellent compared with untreated controls but to a lesser degree than BioUD. The four most active repellents at the same concentrations used before were directly compared in head-to-head bioassays on cotton cheesecloth. BioUD provided significantly greater overall mean percentage repellency than IR3535 for A. americanum and D. variabilis . BioUD was significantly more repellent than oil of lemon eucalyptus for A. americanum but did not differ significantly in repellency against D. variabilis . No statistically significant difference in overall mean percentage repellency was found between BioUD and DEET for A. americanum or D. variabilis . In a 7-week time course bioassay, BioUD applied to cotton cheesecloth and held at room temperature provided 5 weeks of > 90% repellency against A. americanum .

First report of the repellency of 2-tridecanone against ticks

“…Against mosquitoes under field conditions, BioUD on human skin provided the same repellency or was more efficacious than 25% and 30% DEET for 6 h in North Carolina, U.S.A. and Ontario, Canada, respectively (Witting- Bissinger et al, 2008). BioUD was also found to be more effective on cloth than many of the current commercial repellents for tick control (Bissinger et al, 2009b).…”

“…Bioassays were conducted to determine repellency and the duration of repellent activity on filter paper or cotton cheesecloth using our standard two-choice bioassay (Witting- Bissinger et al, 2008;Bissinger et al, 2009aBissinger et al, , 2009b. On each tested surface, ticks were provided with a choice between the test compound (either 2-tridecanone or 2-undecanone) vs. the ethanol control.…”

“…In studies by WittingBissinger et al (2008), BioUD on skin repelled D. variabilis for at least 2.5 h (longer time periods were not studied), and ticks spent significantly more time on the 15% DEET-treated area in a two-choice bioassay between DEET and BioUD . In subsequent studies, BioUD was found to be two to four times more repellent than DEET against three species of ixodid ticks [A. americanum, D. variabilis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)] on filter paper (Bissinger et al, 2009a) and showed >90% repellency for 5 weeks on cotton cheesecloth against A. americanum (Bissinger et al, 2009b). Against mosquitoes under field conditions, BioUD on human skin provided the same repellency or was more efficacious than 25% and 30% DEET for 6 h in North Carolina, U.S.A. and Ontario, Canada, respectively (Witting- Bissinger et al, 2008).…”

Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis — United States

“…Products with 20%-30% DEET are considered optimal for protection against most tick species (321), and concentrations >50% do not confer additional protection (320). IR3535 (3-[N-Butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester) and picaridin (1-piperidinecaboxylic acid, 2-[2-hydroxyethyl], 1-methlypropyl ester) at concentrations >15% can repel as well as DEET when applied to skin (315,(322)(323)(324)(325) and are considered effective DEET alternatives. Products containing permethrin should be applied to outer clothing (e.g., shirts and pants) and not directly to skin (314).…”

Chemical composition, insecticidal and in vitro anthelmintic activities of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) essential oil

“…Bissinger et al (2009) demonstrated the active ingredient 2-undecanone had a toxic effect against the ticks Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis as well as against arthropods (Antonious and Snyder, 2006) and it is therefore formulated in domestic-use insect repellents (Bissinger et al, 2009).…”