Community, system and policy level drivers of bovine tuberculosis in smallholder periurban dairy farms in India: a qualitative enquiry

Chauhan, Abhimanyu Singh; George, Mathew Sunil; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Kakkar, Manish

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6634-3

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…In developed countries, tuberculosis outbreaks are mitigated by strict animal control, elimination programmes and milk pasteurisation, as well as access to veterinary services, which reduces the chances of transmission to humans (Cosivi et al 1998). However, in Indian dairy farms, it has been found that selling or abandoning infected animals, lack of education about bovine tuberculosis, and only consulting veterinarians as a last resort worsens the problem (Chauhan et al 2019). As industrial food‐animal production becomes increasingly common in developing countries, agricultural intensification is likely to increase the risk of zoonotic disease emergence and spread.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change

2020

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1. Zoonotic pathogens and parasites that are transmitted from vertebrates to humans are a major public health risk with high associated global economic costs. The spread of these pathogens and risk of transmission accelerate with recent anthropogenic land-use changes (LUC) such as deforestation, urbanisation, and agricultural intensification, factors that are expected to increase in the future due to human population expansion and increasing demand for resources. 2. We systematically review the literature on anthropogenic LUC and zoonotic diseases, highlighting the most prominent mammalian reservoirs and pathogens, and identifying avenues for future research. 3. The majority of studies were global reviews that did not focus on specific taxa. South America and Asia were the most-studied regions, while the moststudied LUC was urbanisation. Livestock were studied more within the context of agricultural intensification, carnivores with urbanisation and helminths, bats with deforestation and viruses, and primates with habitat fragmentation and protozoa. 4. Research into specific animal reservoirs has improved our understanding of how the spread of zoonotic diseases is affected by LUC. The behaviour of hosts can be altered when their habitats are changed, impacting the pathogens they carry and the probability of disease spreading to humans. Understanding this has enabled the identification of factors that alter the risk of emergence (such as virulence, pathogen diversity, and ease of transmission). Yet, many pathogens and impacts of LUC other than urbanisation have been understudied. 5. Predicting how zoonotic diseases emerge and spread in response to anthropogenic LUC requires more empirical and data synthesis studies that link host ecology and responses with pathogen ecology and disease spread. The link between anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment and the recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to understand how anthropogenic LUC affects the risk of spillover to humans and spread of zoonotic diseases originating in mammals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change

2020

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“…Studies have shown that while working in slaughterhouses, workers are covered in blood and cattle droppings with the potential risk of contamination (33)(34)(35)(36). The use of an apron, waterproof gloves and the wearing of a visor would limit the circumstances of accidental contact with the skin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for the Transmission of Mycobacterium Bovis to Slaughterhouses Workers in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Miassangoumouka¹,

Linguissi²,

Itoua³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Zoonotic tuberculosis is a major form of TB affecting humans and many animal species. Infected cattle pose a threat to public health. The aim of the study was to characterize the risks of exposure to bovine tuberculosis by slaughterhouse workers in Brazzaville. A survey was carried out among 57 workers from three slaughterhouses in Brazzaville (Mpila, Kanga Mbanzi and La Fougère) using questionnaires and field observations. The results of the profile revealed that the majority of staff are made up mainly of people over 40 years old (40.6 ± 8.4) i.e. 50.9% and 96.5% male. Married workers represent a third of respondents (29.8%) and live in families made up of 4.9 ± 2.4 people. Workers with secondary education are the majority (66.7%). The average number of years of work in slaughterhouses in Brazzaville is 18.9 ± 9.5 years. The survey also showed that many workers, 52.6%, have never received training to work in slaughterhouses. A tier of workers (31.7%) have no knowledge of animal tuberculosis, in particular its modes of transmission or its clinical signs. The premises are; normal, regularly cleaned, but are not disinfected. Despite the common occurrence of injuries, 73.7% of those surveyed said that they were not subjected to medical checks. To this, we must add, the lack of work clothes adapted by some (29.8%). All of these shortcomings constitute significant risks of contamination from zoonoses, and tuberculosis in particular. Thus, the study recommends strengthening the capacities of professionals in slaughterhouses, their medical follow-up and improve infrastructure. Finally, the fight against zoonotic tuberculosis requires a multisectoral framework involving doctors and veterinarians in the context of the "One Health" approach.

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“…Nevertheless, the authors highlighted the needs to revise the attitude and practice by the stakeholders on the occupational and public health threats of M. bovis infection including developed nations with ongoing bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes (Robinson 2019 ). A study assessing the health system, policy and dairy farm-level factors which could have impact on the zoonotic transmission have been performed in smallholder peri-urban dairy farms in India (Chauhan et al 2019 ). The study focuses on three main themes encompassing knowledge and practices related to bovine tuberculosis, limited system support for prevention and control of bovine tuberculosis and lack of effective policies and programmatic direction in the context of bovine tuberculosis.…”

Section: Tackling M Bovis Infection At Human–animmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the authors also reported that the absence of effective policies and the perception of stakeholders on bovine tuberculosis remain as significant barriers in controlling bovine tuberculosis. The authors suggest that these gaps can be addressed through collaborative research and One Health approaches (Chauhan et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Tackling M Bovis Infection At Human–animmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure and challenges in tackling M. bovis at human–animal interface: a narrative review

Devi

Lee²,

Yan

et al. 2021

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Zoonotic tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) , a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has increasingly gathered attention as a public health risk, particularly in developing countries with higher disease prevalence. M. bovis is capable of infecting multiple hosts encompassing a number of domestic animals, in particular cattle as well as a broad range of wildlife reservoirs. Humans are the incidental hosts of M. bovis whereby its transmission to humans is primarily through the consumption of cattle products such as unpasteurized milk or raw meat products that have been contaminated with M. bovis or the transmission could be due to close contact with infected cattle. Also, the transmission could occur through aerosol inhalation of infective droplets or infected body fluids or tissues in the presence of wound from infected animals. The zoonotic risk of M. bovis in humans exemplified by miscellaneous studies across different countries suggested the risk of occupational exposure towards M. bovis infection, especially those animal handlers that have close and unreserved contact with cattle and wildlife populations These animal handlers comprising of livestock farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians and their assistants, hunters, wildlife workers as well as other animal handlers are at different risk of contracting M. bovis infection, depending on the nature of their jobs and how close is their interaction with infected animals. It is crucial to identify the underlying transmission risk factors and probable transmission pathways involved in the zoonotic transmission of M. bovis from animals to humans for better designation and development of specific preventive measures and guidelines that could reduce the risk of transmission and to protect these different occupational-related/populations at risk. Effective control and disease management of zoonotic tuberculosis caused by M. bovis in humans are also hindered by various challenges and factors involved at animal–human interface. A closer look into factors affecting proper disease control and management of M. bovis are therefore warranted. Hence, in this narrative review, we have gathered a number of different studies to highlight the risk of occupational exposure to M. bovis infection and addressed the limitations and challenges underlying this context. This review also shed lights on various components and approaches in tackling M. bovis infection at animal–human interface.

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Community, system and policy level drivers of bovine tuberculosis in smallholder periurban dairy farms in India: a qualitative enquiry

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change

Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change

Risk Factors for the Transmission of Mycobacterium Bovis to Slaughterhouses Workers in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Occupational exposure and challenges in tackling M. bovis at human–animal interface: a narrative review

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