Community Level Factors and Child Maltreatment Rates

Coulton, Claudia J.; Korbin, Jill E.; Su, Marilyn; Chow, Julian

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00934.x

Cited by 231 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Based on a review of literature, we identified 20 census variables that have been used consistently to approximate neighborhood-level environments for possible inclusion in the deprivation index. These measures included the following * : one education variable, 47,48 two employment, 49,50 five housing, [51][52][53] four variables representing occupation, 10,54 five poverty, [55][56][57][58] one racial composition, 51,59 and two residential stability.…”

Section: Data Reduction and Exposure Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index

et al. 2006

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Census data are widely used for assessing neighborhood socioeconomic context. Research using census data has been inconsistent in variable choice and usually limited to single geographic areas. This paper seeks to a) outline a process for developing a neighborhood deprivation index using principal components analysis and b) demonstrate an example of its utility for identifying contextual variables that are associated with perinatal health outcomes across diverse geographic areas. Year 2000 U.S. Census and vital records birth data (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001) were merged at the census tract level for 19 cities (located in three states) and five suburban counties (located in three states), which were used to create eight study areas within four states. Census variables representing five socio-demographic domains previously associated with health outcomes, including income/poverty, education, employment, housing, and occupation, were empirically summarized using principal components analysis. The resulting first principal component, hereafter referred to as neighborhood deprivation, accounted for 51 to 73% of the total variability across eight study areas. Component loadings were consistent both within and across study areas (0.2-0.4), suggesting that each variable contributes approximately equally to Bdeprivation^across diverse geographies. The deprivation index was associated with the unadjusted prevalence of preterm birth and low birth weight for white non-Hispanic and to a lesser extent for black non-Hispanic women across the eight sites. The high correlations between census variables, the inherent multidimensionality of constructs like neighborhood deprivation, and the observed associations with birth outcomes suggest the utility of using a deprivation, index for research into neighborhood effects on adverse birth outcomes.

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Section: Data Reduction and Exposure Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index

et al. 2006

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“…9 Several studies have reported associations between economic factors and maltreatment rates at the neighborhood and community levels. [12][13][14][15] Recently, a retrospective study of children admitted to 38 hospitals between 2000 and 2009 showed that rates of admissions for physical abuse and high-risk traumatic brain injury were significantly related to increases in local mortgage foreclosure and delinquency rates in the associated metropolitan areas. 16 Although there is considerable evidence that income inequality has a negative impact on health and wellbeing for both adults and children, and that poverty is associated with rates of child maltreatment, no study has examined the association of income inequality with child maltreatment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Income Inequality and Child Maltreatment in the United States

Eckenrode

Smith

McCarthy³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

203

100

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Income inequality is positively associated with several adverse child health and well-being outcomes. There is no existing research investigating the relationship between income inequality and child maltreatment rates. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study is the first to demonstrate that increases in income inequality are associated with increases in child maltreatment rates at the county level. abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between county-level income inequality and rates of child maltreatment. METHODS:Data on substantiated reports of child abuse and neglect from 2005 to 2009 were obtained from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. County-level data on income inequality and children in poverty were obtained from the American Community Survey. Data for additional control variables were obtained from the American Community Survey and the Health Resources and Services Administration Area Resource File. The Gini coefficient was used as the measure of income inequality. Generalized additive models were estimated to explore linear and nonlinear relations among income inequality, poverty, and child maltreatment. In all models, state was included as a fixed effect to control for statelevel differences in victim rates.RESULTS: Considerable variation in income inequality and child maltreatment rates was found across the 3142 US counties. Income inequality, as well as child poverty rate, was positively and significantly correlated with child maltreatment rates at the county level. Controlling for child poverty, demographic and economic control variables, and state-level variation in maltreatment rates, there was a significant linear effect of inequality on child maltreatment rates (P , .0001). This effect was stronger for counties with moderate to high levels of child poverty. CONCLUSIONS:Higher income inequality across US counties was significantly associated with higher county-level rates of child maltreatment. The findings contribute to the growing literature linking greater income inequality to a range of poor health and well-being outcomes in infants and children. Pediatrics 2014;133:454-461

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“…For example, substandard or vacant housing, overcrowding, and residential instability are also linked to child abuse risk (as reviewed in Coulton et al, 2007). Child maltreatment rates in neighborhoods also have been shown to correlate with other indicators of social distress, such as infant mortality, juvenile delinquency, violent crime, and drug trafficking (Coulton, Korbin, Su, & Chow, 1995).…”

Section: Environment and Social Network Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability and protective factors for child abuse and maltreatment.

Chu

Pineda

DePrince

et al. 2011

Violence Against Women and Children, Vol 1: Mapping the Terrain.

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Child abuse occurs across cultures and societies, remaining a critically important public health and policy issue due to its myriad detrimental outcomes. A substantial body of research now focuses on identifying vulnerability and protective factors that moderate children's risk of abuse in the hopes of being able to understand the mechanisms underlying why and how abuse occurs and to prevent it from happening in the future. Although a comprehensive review of all possible vulnerability and protective factors of child abuse is beyond the scope of this chapter, we describe key findings from the empirical literature organized around three major sections: (a) individual (e.g., gender, gender identity/orientation, age, disability status), (b) parental and familial context (e.g., parental abuse history, parenting practices, substance abuse, co-occurring intimate partner violence [IPV], family composition), and (c) environment and social network factors (e.g., poverty, neighborhood structure, community social support, religion, cultural identity). To understand vulnerability and resilience, we draw on studies that have used diverse sampling strategies (e.g., national surveys from the general population, clinical samples, university students) and methodologies (e.g., retrospective self-report and interviews, review of medical and child welfare records, prospective study designs). Finally, we discuss future directions for, and policy implications of, this body of research.

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Community Level Factors and Child Maltreatment Rates

Cited by 231 publications

References 35 publications

The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index

The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index

Income Inequality and Child Maltreatment in the United States

Vulnerability and protective factors for child abuse and maltreatment.

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