“…55,56 In anesthesiology, more structured forms of simulationbased assessment can also be employed to measure interpersonal and communication skills. 57,58 For these types of performance assessments, often employing both confederates (e.g., surgeons, nurses) and electromechanical mannequins, the administration conditions can be standardized and modelled to represent actual patient encounters. If constructed correctly, simulation-based evaluations provide a unique opportunity to measure communication skills that cannot be measured using other lower-fidelity assessment formats; these simulations cannot, however, replace the observation and evaluation of anesthesiologists in practice.…”