Comment on “Environmentally responsible fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells from recycled car batteries” by Po-Yen Chen, Jifa Qi, Matthew T. Klug, Xiangnan Dang, Paula T. Hammond and Angela M. Belcher, Energy Environ. Sci., 2014

Li, Lei; Qi, Guangxia; Yuan, Chao; Sun, Yinglong; Lei, Xuefei; Xu, Hui; Wang, Yi

doi:10.1039/c4ee02977a

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Furthermore, Chen et al demonstrated the successful fabrication of perovskite solar cells using the lead from recycled batteries, obtaining PCE=9.37%, almost the same as PCE obtained using a commercial supplier of PbI 2 ; with the lead recovered from a single lead-acid car battery ∼700 m 2 of PSCs can be fabricated [168]. This result was commented on by Li et al who pointed out that the experiments were carried out with a new battery and that a spent electrode will pose major difficulties toward the effective realization of this interesting recycling route [169], a comment that was replied to by Chen et al [170]. This discussion about the possibility of Pb recycling and its application to PSC fabrication deserves a future detailed Life Cycle Assessment based on the existing and eventually additional experimental evidence.…”

Section: Recyclingsupporting

confidence: 61%

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

Urbina

2020

J. Phys. Energy

100

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Photovoltaic technology is progressing very fast, both in a new installed capacity, now reaching a total of more than 400 GW worldwide, and in a big research effort to develop more efficient and sustainable technologies. Organic and hybrid solar cells have been pointed out as a technological breakthrough due to their potential for low economical cost and low environmental impact; but despite impressive laboratory progress, the market is still beyond reach for these technologies, especially for perovskitebased technology. In this review, the historical evolution and relationship of efficiency and stability is addressed, including Life Cycle Assessment studies which provide a quantitative evaluation of environmental impacts in several categories, such as human health or freshwater ecotoxicity, with special focus on lead toxicity. The main conclusion is that there is no unsurmountable barrier for the massive deployment of photovoltaic systems with perovskite solar modules, if the stability is extended to lifetimes similar to technologies already in the market. The results of this review provide some recommendations mainly focused on the best options for improved stability (avoiding mainly moisture and oxygen degradation) by using metal oxides, ternary or quaternary cations, or the novel 2D/3D approach, and the encapsulation effort which should also take into account the recyclability of the materials and the low environmental impact processes for up-scaled industrial production. Research guidelines should take into account the end-of-life of the devices and cleaner routes for production avoiding toxic solvents.

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Section: Recyclingsupporting

confidence: 61%

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

Urbina

2020

J. Phys. Energy

100

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“…Lead‐PSCs can be thought of as lead‐storage devices, avoiding lead disposal and/or extraction when other lead containing devices reach their end‐of‐life. A recent research study has pointed out that these devices can be viewed as a long‐term storage for lead that has been recycled from car batteries . This “storage” will depend on the lifetime of the devices.…”

Section: Specifications For the Perovskite Solar Cells Considered In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tin‐ and Lead‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Scrutiny: An Environmental Perspective

Serrano-Luján

Espinosa

Larsen-Olsen

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

220

210

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The effect of substituting lead with tin in perovskite‐based solar cells (PSCs) has shows that lead is preferred over tin by a lower cumulative energy demand. The results, which also include end‐of‐life management, show that a recycling scenario that carefully handles emission of lead enables use of lead in PSCs with little environmental impact. All other scenarios result in catastrophic emission of lead to the environment that would spell an end to widespread use of lead in PSCs.

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“…OHPs bear the risk of leakage into the environment by rain water due to the high solubility, but the positive aspect is that Pb 2+ can also be recovered by simple solution treatment due to this feature. Besides the recovering of Pb from PSCs, waste Pb from batteries can be reused to produce PbI 2 for the fabrication of PSCs . Apart from environmental concerns, the manufacturing cost and energy consumption in manufacturing PSCs have to be considered.…”

Section: Environmental Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution‐Processable Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization: Progress and Challenges

Wang

Cai

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

170

140

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In the last few years, organometal halide perovskites (OHPs) have emerged as a promising candidate for photovoltaic (PV) applications. A certified efficiency as high as 23.7% has been achieved, which is comparable with most of the well-established PV technologies. Their good solubility due to the ionic nature enables versatile low-temperature solution processes, including blade coating, slot-die coating, etc., most of which are scalable and compatible with roll-to-roll large-scale manufacturing processes. The low cost, high efficiency, and facile processable features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) a very competitive PV technology. Despite the great progress, long-term durability concerns, toxicity issues of both materials and manufacturing process, and lack of robust high-throughput production technology for fabricating efficient large-area modules are major obstacles toward commercialization. In this review, the recent progress of commercially available process of PSCs is surveyed, the underlying determinants for upscaling high-quality PSCs from hydrodynamic characteristics and crystallization thermodynamic mechanism are identified, the influence of external stress factors on stability of PSCs and intrinsic instability mechanism in OHPs themselves is revealed, and the environmental impact and sustainable development of PSC technology are analyzed. Strategies and opportunities for large-scale production of PSCs are suggested to promote the development of PSCs toward commercialization.blade coating, slot-die coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, etc.), most of which are scalable and compatible with roll-toroll (R2R) large-scale manufacturing processes. We can even image to produce solar cells as simple as printing newspapers or painting the walls. The low cost, high efficiency, and facile processing features make PSCs a potentially transformative PV technology. Despite the incredible progress in PSCs, there are still several obstacles on their way toward commercialization, including scaling up for fabricating efficient large-area modules, long-term durability concerns, and toxicity issues of both materials and manufacturing process.In this review, we survey recent developments in the field of fabricating commercially available PSCs from three critical issues: first, the progress related to fabrication of large-area PSCs will be summarized, and a detailed discussion regarding the hydrodynamic characteristics and crystallization thermodynamic mechanism for growth of high-quality large-area perovskites will be provided; second, stability issues of perovskites will be discussed, and strategies to improve the stability of perovskites will be summarized; third, environmental impacts of both materials and manufacturing process for PSCs will be discussed, and strategies with respect to fabricating PSCs with greener materials and fabrication routes will be proposed.

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Comment on “Environmentally responsible fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells from recycled car batteries” by Po-Yen Chen, Jifa Qi, Matthew T. Klug, Xiangnan Dang, Paula T. Hammond and Angela M. Belcher, Energy Environ. Sci., 2014

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

Tin‐ and Lead‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Scrutiny: An Environmental Perspective

Solution‐Processable Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization: Progress and Challenges

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