Comedogenicity of human sebum

Kligman, Albert M.

doi:10.1001/archderm.102.3.267

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…These FFAs have been found to be comedogenic in the rabbit ear model. 56 Oxidized squalene is another substance that has been found to be comedogenic in the rabbit ear model. 57 P. acnes, through its production of porphyrins, may act as a catalytic agent in the oxidation of squalene.…”

Section: Potentiation Of Comedogenesis After Propionibacterium Acnes mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acne sans P. acnes

Shaheen

González

2012

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Acne vulgaris is a common disease that carries an enormous financial and psychosocial impact. Androgens, excessive sebum production, ductal hypercornification, changes in the microbial flora, as well as inflammation and immunological host reactions are considered the major contributors to acne pathogenesis. Despite extensive research on acne pathogenesis, the exact sequence of events and their possible mechanisms leading to the development of a microcomedone and its transformation into an inflamed lesion has remained unclear. There is a significant amount of in vitro evidence suggesting a possible pathogenetic role for Propionibacterium acnes in comedogenesis as well as inflammation in inflammatory acne. However, the microbiological data from non‐inflamed as well as inflamed acne lesions, cultured individually, do not entirely support the hypothesis that these micro‐organisms are actually responsible for their initiation. There appears to be comedones and inflamed lesions in which there is no clear evidence of Propionibacterium acnes involvement. Considering this microbiological data, alongside the in vitro evidence, we have tried to delineate the possible sequence of events and their mechanisms, leading to the development of a microcomedone and its transformation into an inflamed lesion. Based on the available literature we have analysed the evidence of both non‐inflamed as well as inflamed acne lesions occurring in the absence of Propionibacterium acnes from the pilosebaceous follicles. We propose that the development of an inflamed acne lesion depends on an imbalance between the pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory pathways rather than the incitement of inflammation by Propionibacterium acnes.

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Section: Potentiation Of Comedogenesis After Propionibacterium Acnes mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acne sans P. acnes

Shaheen

González

2012

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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“…aspects of the gland's function and control (6)(7)(8). These studies have illustrated why the view of the human sebaceous gland has turned from a 'living fossil of the skin' (9) to become the 'brain of the skin' (10), and are providing many new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of sebaceous gland-associated diseases, such as acne vulgaris.…”

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confidence: 95%

New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment

Kurokawa

Danby

Qiang

et al. 2009

Experimental Dermatology

488

518

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Interest in sebaceous gland physiology and its diseases is rapidly increasing. We provide a summarized update of the current knowledge of the pathobiology of acne vulgaris and new treatment concepts that have emerged in the last 3 years (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). We have tried to answer questions arising from the exploration of sebaceous gland biology, hormonal factors, hyperkeratinization, role of bacteria, sebum, nutrition, cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Sebaceous glands play an important role as active participants in the innate immunity of the skin. They produce neuropeptides, excrete antimicrobial peptides and exhibit characteristics of stem cells. Androgens affect sebocytes and infundibular keratinocytes in a complex manner influencing cellular differentiation, proliferation, lipogenesis and comedogenesis. Retention hyperkeratosis in closed comedones and inflammatory papules is attributable to a disorder of terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Propionibacterium acnes, by acting on TLR-2, may stimulate the secretion of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by follicular keratinocytes and IL-8 and -12 in macrophages, giving rise to inflammation. Certain P. acnes species may induce an immunological reaction by stimulating the production of sebocyte and keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides, which play an important role in the innate immunity of the follicle. Qualitative changes of sebum lipids induce alteration of keratinocyte differentiation and induce IL-1 secretion, contributing to the development of follicular hyperkeratosis. High glycemic load food and milk may induce increased tissue levels of 5a-dihydrotestosterone. These new aspects of acne pathogenesis lead to the considerations of possible customized therapeutic regimens. Current research is expected to lead to innovative treatments in the near future. Biology of sebaceous glandsThe sebaceous gland is a holocrine gland, and its secretion is formed by the complete disintegration of the glandular cells. Excreting sebum is the major function of sebaceous glands (1), and increased sebum excretion is a major concurrent event that parallels the development of acne lesions. With the development of human sebaceous gland experimental models for in vitro studies (2-5), considerable progress has been made in our understanding of many new

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“…In acne patients treated by tetracycline, a great reduction of C. acnes was observed correlated with a decline of free fatty acids [230,231,232]. Kligman et al [233] finally suggested that sebum would be less comedogenic if triglyceride hydrolysis could be inhibited either by inactivation of lipases or by suppression of the bacteria that produced them. Tetracycline had the potential to do both.…”

Section: From Acne Microbacillus To P Acnes: Facts Controversies Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acne Pathogenesis: History of Concepts

Tilles¹

2014

Dermatology

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From the first reliable descriptions of acne in the early 19th century, dermatologists recognized it as a disease of the pilosebaceous follicle. Until the middle of the 20th century, they hypothesized that seborrhoea, follicular keratosis and microorganisms could be individually responsible for the acne lesions. Inflammation was only regarded as the final and inescapable step of the acne process. Although the importance of these factors has been reevaluated, recent works still regarded them as mandatory. In the 1970s, the onset of isotretinoin dramatically improved acne management. It also provided great opportunities for a better understanding of the pathogenic factors of acne. This study analyzes their genesis and development from the seminal contributions until recent advances.

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Comedogenicity of human sebum

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Acne sans P. acnes

Acne sans P. acnes

New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment

Acne Pathogenesis: History of Concepts

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