Combustion characteristics of crude oils

Abstract

Small‐scale free‐burning pool fire tests were conducted in a cone calorimeter to obtain the combustion characteristics of 14 different crude oils. Measurements included the heat release rate based on oxygen consumption calorimetry, mass loss rate, radiative heat flux from the flame to a nearby target, liquid fuel temperature, extinction coefficient and CO2 and CO concentrations in the exhaust duct. The effective heat of combustion, radiative heat loss fraction and smoke yield were calculated on the basis of the measured data. It was found that the heat release rate, mass loss rate, flame radiation and smoke yield were a function of the type of crude oil. The effective heat of combustion, extinction coefficient and radiative heat loss fraction were nearly constant for the range of crude oils evaluated in this programme. The heat release rate, mass loss rate, flame radiation and smoke yield appeared to correlate well with the crude oil density. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Experimental study on ignition and combustion characteristics of typical oils

“…When under the same radiant heat flux (e.g., 20 kW/m 2 ), the average MLR value of lubricating oil is the lowest, and the average MLR value of aviation kerosene is higher than that of diesel. After comparing properties of these three typical oils (Table ), we can infer that higher density corresponds to lower MLR, owing to sedimentation and enrichment of heavier components, which has been discussed by Iwata . In addition to density being a factor on MLR, there are many other factors, such as lip height and pool size .…”

“… presented that the variation in molar CO/CO 2 ratio of crude oils was from 0.02 to 0.07, whereas Iwata et al . studied CO/CO 2 ratios of several types of crude oils and provided the smaller range (0.022–0.027). Apte discovered that CO/CO 2 ratio of aviation turbine fuel was 0.0105.…”

Experimental study on ignition and combustion characteristics of typical oils

“…When under the same radiant heat flux (e.g., 20 kW/m 2 ), the average MLR value of lubricating oil is the lowest, and the average MLR value of aviation kerosene is higher than that of diesel. After comparing properties of these three typical oils (Table ), we can infer that higher density corresponds to lower MLR, owing to sedimentation and enrichment of heavier components, which has been discussed by Iwata . In addition to density being a factor on MLR, there are many other factors, such as lip height and pool size .…”

“… presented that the variation in molar CO/CO 2 ratio of crude oils was from 0.02 to 0.07, whereas Iwata et al . studied CO/CO 2 ratios of several types of crude oils and provided the smaller range (0.022–0.027). Apte discovered that CO/CO 2 ratio of aviation turbine fuel was 0.0105.…”

Flammability hazards of typical fuels used in wind turbine nacelle

“…For example, as shown by previous TGA data of transformer oil and lubricating grease, the specimen mass loss of the former (99.2%) is greater than that of the latter (88.9%) at 500°C, but the density of the former is lower than that of the latter. This is consistent with Iwata et al, who determined that the MLR increased with decreasing oil density based on cone data for 14 different crude oils.…”

Burning process characterization of biodiesel pool fires

“…There is only a relatively small amount of data on HRR of liquid flammable materials in the literature. Iwata et al 39 describe combustion characteristics of 14 different crude oils measured under thermal load without external heat flux. The maximum HRR value referred by them was up to 700 kW m 22 , wherein the value decreases with increasing density.…”

Experimental study on ignition and combustion characteristics of typical oils

“…When under the same radiant heat flux (e.g., 20 kW/m 2 ), the average MLR value of lubricating oil is the lowest, and the average MLR value of aviation kerosene is higher than that of diesel. After comparing properties of these three typical oils (Table ), we can infer that higher density corresponds to lower MLR, owing to sedimentation and enrichment of heavier components, which has been discussed by Iwata . In addition to density being a factor on MLR, there are many other factors, such as lip height and pool size .…”

“… presented that the variation in molar CO/CO 2 ratio of crude oils was from 0.02 to 0.07, whereas Iwata et al . studied CO/CO 2 ratios of several types of crude oils and provided the smaller range (0.022–0.027). Apte discovered that CO/CO 2 ratio of aviation turbine fuel was 0.0105.…”

Flammability hazards of typical fuels used in wind turbine nacelle

“…For example, as shown by previous TGA data of transformer oil and lubricating grease, the specimen mass loss of the former (99.2%) is greater than that of the latter (88.9%) at 500°C, but the density of the former is lower than that of the latter. This is consistent with Iwata et al, who determined that the MLR increased with decreasing oil density based on cone data for 14 different crude oils.…”

Burning process characterization of biodiesel pool fires

“…There is only a relatively small amount of data on HRR of liquid flammable materials in the literature. Iwata et al 39 describe combustion characteristics of 14 different crude oils measured under thermal load without external heat flux. The maximum HRR value referred by them was up to 700 kW m 22 , wherein the value decreases with increasing density.…”

Experimental study on ignition and combustion characteristics of typical oils

“…When under the same radiant heat flux (e.g., 20 kW/m 2 ), the average MLR value of lubricating oil is the lowest, and the average MLR value of aviation kerosene is higher than that of diesel. After comparing properties of these three typical oils (Table ), we can infer that higher density corresponds to lower MLR, owing to sedimentation and enrichment of heavier components, which has been discussed by Iwata . In addition to density being a factor on MLR, there are many other factors, such as lip height and pool size .…”

“… presented that the variation in molar CO/CO 2 ratio of crude oils was from 0.02 to 0.07, whereas Iwata et al . studied CO/CO 2 ratios of several types of crude oils and provided the smaller range (0.022–0.027). Apte discovered that CO/CO 2 ratio of aviation turbine fuel was 0.0105.…”

Flammability hazards of typical fuels used in wind turbine nacelle

“…For example, as shown by previous TGA data of transformer oil and lubricating grease, the specimen mass loss of the former (99.2%) is greater than that of the latter (88.9%) at 500°C, but the density of the former is lower than that of the latter. This is consistent with Iwata et al, who determined that the MLR increased with decreasing oil density based on cone data for 14 different crude oils.…”

Burning process characterization of biodiesel pool fires

“…There is only a relatively small amount of data on HRR of liquid flammable materials in the literature. Iwata et al 39 describe combustion characteristics of 14 different crude oils measured under thermal load without external heat flux. The maximum HRR value referred by them was up to 700 kW m 22 , wherein the value decreases with increasing density.…”