Combined Voltage-Clamp and Atomic Force Microscope for the Study of Membrane Electromechanics

Cell volume control in three dimensions: Water movement without solute movement

“…Those forces come from the cortical cytoskeleton pulling against the deeper cytoskeleton and the substrates. If the cortex should separate from the deeper cytoskeleton, as it does in blebs ( Charras et al, 2005 ; Moeendarbary et al, 2013 ), the cortex becomes stiff because it is under a hydrostatic pressure gradient ( Beyder and Sachs, 2009 , 2011 ). We found that in HEK cells, about half of the cortical stress is in the bilayer and half in the attached proteins ( Akinlaja and Sachs, 1998 ).…”