Combined electromagnetic, geochemical and thermal surveys of Taal volcano (Philippines) during the period 2005–2006

Zlotnicki, J.; Sasai, Yoichi; Toutain, Jean; Villacorte, Egardo; Bernard, Alain; Sabit, Julio P.; Gordon, Juan M.; Corpuz, E.; Harada, Makoto; Punongbayan, Jane T.; Häse, H.; Nagao, Tadami

doi:10.1007/s00445-008-0205-2

Cited by 44 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…The mean flux‐weighted age of water returning back to the lake is approximately an hour. This rapid circulation of water could turn over the MCL volume of 45 × 10 6 m 3 [ Zlotnicki et al , 2009] in as little as ∼11 days if this convective exchange occurs throughout the lake's perimeter. The total heat flux from the seepage zones, integrated over the lake perimeter, is 82 MW which is larger than the estimated 50 MW which the lake itself dissipates [ Zlotnicki et al , 2009].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial smokers: Thermal springs due to hydrothermal convection of groundwater connected to surface water

Cardenas

Lagmay²,

Andrews

et al. 2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Thermal springs are ubiquitous features whose underground kinematic structure is mostly unknown but are typically thought to originate from deep sources. We documented a type of thermal springs at the banks of a volcanic lake that are discharge zones of hydrothermal convection cells circulating groundwater within the near shore environment. The convection captures lake water through the lakebed, mixes it with deeper groundwater at velocities of 100s of m d À1, then returns the water to the lake via the spring. The convection cell is flushed in a few hours and turns over the lake's volume in a few days. Most volcanic lakes and other relatively cool surface water bodies in areas of elevated geothermal heat fluxes meet the conditions for the occurrence of local hydrothermal circulation of groundwater. The type of spring we studied, the terrestrial version of black smokers, is likely present but perhaps unrecognized at many areas. Citation:

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial smokers: Thermal springs due to hydrothermal convection of groundwater connected to surface water

Cardenas

Lagmay²,

Andrews

et al. 2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…These acid hydrothermal fluids may be strongly mineralized, but tend to be less rich in the volcanogenic volatile components (S+halogens). Examples are Taal lake, Phillipines (Delmelle et al 1998;Zlotnicki et al 2009;Gordon et al 2009), the pre-2007 Kelut lake (Indonesia, Bernard and Mazot 2004;Mazot and Bernard, this issue), and El Chichón lake (1990Armienta et al 2000;Rouwet et al 2004Rouwet et al , 2008Peiffer et al 2011).…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 94%

Volcanic Lakes

Christenson

Németh

Rouwet

et al. 2015

Advances in Volcanology

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Volcanic lakes are amongst the most spectacular natural features on the planet. These intersections of magmatic-hydrothermal systems and the Earth's surface are, poetically speaking, "blue windows" into the depth of a volcano (Fig. 1). The changing water compositions and colors of these lakes over time provide insights into the volcanic, hydrothermal and degassing processes of the underlying volcano.

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“…Spaceborne altimetry and GPS measurements are useful for providing vertical geodetic information for oceans and large lakes, but have not yet been applied to crater lakes (Morris and Gill 1994;Jekeli and Dumrongchai 2003). Though it has the potential to estimate crater lake surface areas from space by satellite remote sensing methods (e.g., ASTER), this application has only previously been used to deduce thermal radiance from crater lake surfaces (Galindo et al 2008;Trunk and Bernard 2008;Zlotnicki et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A photographic method for detailing the morphology of the floor of a dynamic crater lake: the El Chichón case (Chiapas, Mexico)

Rouwet

2011

Limnology

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The active volcano El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) hosts a shallow acidic crater lake. During the period [2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007] 26 photographs of the crater lake were taken from the same spot at the eastern crater rim, *160 m above the crater floor. The size of the lake was extremely variable. Using a GPS track from around the lake shore as a reference, 26 digitized lake outlines were corrected simultaneously for the perspective angle. The corrected lake outlines were superposed, leading to a ''morphological map'' of a large section of the lake bottom. This map provides insight into the erosive-sedimentary regime of the lake floor. The inner section of the lake is more stable due to the precipitation of sealing clays. This is probably one of the reasons why the El Chichón crater lake has never disappeared during the past 28 years. The sealing clays at the lake bottom can be considered the superficial analog of impermeable clay caps at the depths of hydrothermal systems. The photographic procedure presented here may be useful for other limnological and (volcanic) lake studies aimed at describing lake morphology, and for eventually deducing the surface area and volume of the lake.

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Combined electromagnetic, geochemical and thermal surveys of Taal volcano (Philippines) during the period 2005–2006

Abstract: Since 1572, 33 phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptions have occurred on Taal volcano (Philippines)

Cited by 44 publications

References 50 publications

Terrestrial smokers: Thermal springs due to hydrothermal convection of groundwater connected to surface water

Terrestrial smokers: Thermal springs due to hydrothermal convection of groundwater connected to surface water

Volcanic Lakes

A photographic method for detailing the morphology of the floor of a dynamic crater lake: the El Chichón case (Chiapas, Mexico)

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