Combination of Markov chain and optimal control solved by Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle for a fuel cell/supercapacitor vehicle

Mesoporous CuCo2O4 nanograsses as multi-functional electrodes for supercapacitors and electro-catalysts

“…[1][2][3] Supercapacitors can offer higher power densities with longer cyclic lifespans than rechargeable batteries, and store higher energy densities than conventional capacitors, [4][5][6][7][8] thus have been considered one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices. 12 This stems from the facts that methanol is a relatively high energy density fuel, it is liquid at ambient temperature, is of low cost and available at industrial scale and the infrastructures for production and distribution are already available. [9][10][11] Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are regarded a potential candidate for power generation in electric vehicles.…”

An energy management approach of hybrid vehicles using traffic preview information for energy saving

“…The strategy based on the necessary conditions in (5) is the PMP-based strategy, which is called the basic strategy in this research. The optimal control variable P fcs is obtained from the third necessary condition in (5). At every calculation time step, the optimal P fcs is selected among all admissible values, which minimizes the Hamiltonian H [18].…”

“…Up to now, several types of energy management strategies have been investigated for hybrid vehicles including heuristic concept-based energy management strategies [1][2][3] and optimal control theory-based energy management strategies [4][5][6][7]. These energy management strategies were usually evaluated on some specific vehicle driving cycles.…”

Fuel cell/back-up battery hybrid energy conversion systems: Dynamic modeling and harmonic considerations

“…Some advantages of using fuel cells can be summarized as: comparatively high efficiency [1], low pollution, a wide range of fuels that can be used in fuel cells, suitable for different applications such as fuel cell/supercapacitor vehicles [2], plug-in hybrid electric vehicles [3], stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery-fuel cell power systems [4] and distributed generation (DG) [5] because of being available different types of fuel cells with different size and mechanism, and the ability of using again exhaust heat [6]. Literature survey shows that the topics related to fuel cells basically began by modeling of the different types of fuel cells such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell modeling for embedded applications [7] and modeling of a direct ethanol fuel cell [8].…”