2017
DOI: 10.1111/febs.14127
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Abstract: Over the past 50 years, Plasmodium falciparum has developed resistance against all antimalarial drugs used against it: chloroquine, sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine, quinine, piperaquine and mefloquine. More recently, resistance to the artemisinin derivatives and the resulting failure of artemisinin‐based combination therapy (ACT) are threatening all major gains made in malaria control. Each time resistance has developed progressively, with delayed clearance of parasites first emerging only in a few regions, increas… Show more

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Cited by 120 publications
(89 citation statements)
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“…Mutation in Pfmdr1 gene might have developed due to overexpression of PfPgh-1 protein product (Foley & Tilley, 1997;Petersen et al, 2011). Mutation at position 86 (N86Y) is highly dominant in Africa and Asia strain (Foley & Tilley, 1998;Haldar et al, 2018;Severini & Menegon, 2015;Thu, Phyo, Landier, Parker & Nosten, 2017), although in South America, three to four mutations at position 86 (N86Y), 184 (Y184F), 1034 (S1034C), 1042 (N1042D), and 1246 (D1246Y) trigger resistance in Pfmdr1 gene (Ecker et al, 2012). However, the specific influence of mutant Pfmdr1 gene to chloroquine resistance remains unclear.…”
Section: Chloroquinementioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Mutation in Pfmdr1 gene might have developed due to overexpression of PfPgh-1 protein product (Foley & Tilley, 1997;Petersen et al, 2011). Mutation at position 86 (N86Y) is highly dominant in Africa and Asia strain (Foley & Tilley, 1998;Haldar et al, 2018;Severini & Menegon, 2015;Thu, Phyo, Landier, Parker & Nosten, 2017), although in South America, three to four mutations at position 86 (N86Y), 184 (Y184F), 1034 (S1034C), 1042 (N1042D), and 1246 (D1246Y) trigger resistance in Pfmdr1 gene (Ecker et al, 2012). However, the specific influence of mutant Pfmdr1 gene to chloroquine resistance remains unclear.…”
Section: Chloroquinementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Artemisinin and its derivatives rapidly clear parasitaemia within three days (48 hr) of dose treatments, and other antimalarial group drugs clear the remaining parasites by their different modes of therapeutic action (Fairhurst & Dondorp, 2016;Sugiarto, Davis & Salman, 2017). For the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, five combinations are approved by the WHO as artemether-lumefantrine (AL) (marketed as Coartem-Dispersible; Wells et al, 2015), artesunateamodiaquine (marketed as ASAQ Winthrop; Wells et al, 2015), artesunate-mefloquine (marketed as ASMQ) (Wells et al, 2015), artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine or artesunate-pyronaridine (marketed as Pyramax) (Achieng et al, 2017;Phyo & Seidlein, 2017;Wells et al, 2015), and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (marketed as Eurartesim) (Ashley, Dhorda, Fairhurst, Amaratunga & Lim, 2014;Gregson & Plowe, 2005;Jana & Paliwal, 2007;Satish, Puttur, Coutinho, Amber & Nandan, 2018;Thu et al, 2017;Wells et al, 2015;World Health Organization, 2017).…”
Section: Endoperoxidesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Further continuous reuse of this single ACT resulting in P. falciparum-resistant alleles to Artemisinin or its derivatives has been reported for the first time in Western Cambodia and Thailand border [2,3]; more interestingly, these resistant isolates might be carried by the parasites distributed rapidly across all SE Asian countries and also some parts of Africa [4,5]. Both Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) and its derivatives along with partner drug resis-tance to P. falciparum isolates have threatened the current efforts for the reduction of the burden of infectious malaria all over the world [6,7] As per the WHO guidelines, the definition of the emerged resistant alleles across Thai and Cambodia border has been characterized by [8,9] not only with reduced parasite clearance rate and increasing parasite clearance halflife or survived young ring stage parasites but also with the continuation of parasites on the third day of ACTs [1,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. These worldwide problems give rise to several approaches for the intense surveillance and detection of Artemisinin-resistant falciparum parasites including molecular marker evaluation [7,19].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Malaria is a widespread infectious disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito which caused an estimated 219 million cases and 435,000 malaria-related deaths in the year 2017 (1). It is caused by various Plasmodium species with P. falciparum and P. vivax being the two most widespread and deadly for humans (2). Over the years, varying degrees of resistance have emerged in Plasmodium against all drugs used for treating malaria.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%