Combat Against Gynecological Cancers with Blood Vessels as Entry Point: Anti-Angiogenic Drugs, Clinical Trials and Pre-Clinical Nano-Delivery Platforms

Abstract

Angiogenesis is an essential mechanism for the progression of gynecological cancers. Although approved anti-angiogenic drugs have demonstrated clinical efficacy in treating gynecological cancers, the full potential of therapeutic strategies based on tumor blood vessels has not yet been realized. This review summarizes the latest angiogenesis mechanisms involved in the progression of gynecological cancers and discusses the current clinical practice of approved anti-angiogenic drugs and related clinical trials. Given the close relationship between gynecological cancers and blood vessels, we highlight more delicate strategies for regulating tumor vessels, including wise drug combinations and smart nano-delivery platforms to achieve highly efficient drug delivery and overall vessel microenvironment regulation. We also address current challenges and future opportunities in this field. We aim to generate interest in therapeutic strategies that target blood vessels as a key entry point and offer new potential and inspiration for combating gynecological cancers.

Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Reproductive Disorders

“…Various nanomaterials, including scaffold, hydrogel, bioprinting, and organoids, have been used in distinct regions of the uterus for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. The use of nanomaterials has shown encouraging outcomes in facilitating the process of tissue regeneration and repair, hence contributing to the restoration of typical uterine functionality . Moreover, they possess the capacity to mitigate the likelihood of difficulties linked to ectopic pregnancies, such as the formation of scar tissue and adhesions.…”

“…Nanoparticles were added to an in situ gel to treat genital herpes. Controlled drug release, enhanced permeability, and vaginal epithelial cell survival were achieved . Bioavailability increased by 2-fold in experimental rat models compared to the pure therapy.…”

“…The use of nanomaterials has shown encouraging outcomes in facilitating the process of tissue regeneration and repair, hence contributing to the restoration of typical uterine functionality. 163 Moreover, they possess the capacity to mitigate the likelihood of difficulties linked to ectopic pregnancies, such as the formation of scar tissue and adhesions. The nanoparticles operate via their capacity to provide structural reinforcement, transport therapeutic substances, and induce cellular activity.…”